Table 3. Risk of bias assessment (N = 24 trials) (Cochrane Risk of Bias tool for randomised trials (Higgins et al. 2011)).

Author & year	Random allocation	a,bAllocation concealed	Performance bias				a,bDetection bias (OAB)	Attrition bias	Reporting bias	OVERALL	Adequately blinded?
			bPB	RPB	bTB	aOverall
Cotchett, Munteanu & Landorf (2014)	✓	✓	✓	?	×	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	Adequate
Dıraçoğlu et al. (2012)	✓	?	✓	?	×	✓	✓	×	✓	?	Inadequate
Espejo Antúnez et al. (2014)	✓	?	✓	?	×	✓	✓	✓	✓	?	Inadequate
García-Gallego et al. (2011)	✓	?	✓	?	×	✓	✓	✓	✓	?	Inadequate
Huguenin et al. (2005)	✓	✓	✓	?	×	✓	✓	×	✓	✓	Adequate
Inoue et al. (2006)	✓	✓	✓	?	×	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	Adequate
Itoh, Katsumi & Kitakoji (2004)	✓	?	✓	?	×	✓	✓	×	✓	?	Inadequate
Itoh & Katsumi (2005)	✓	✓	✓	?	×	✓	✓	×	✓	✓	Adequate
Itoh et al. (2006a)	✓	?	✓	?	×	✓	✓	×	✓	?	Inadequate
Itoh et al. (2006b)	?	?	✓	?	×	✓	?	×	✓	?	Inadequate
Itoh et al. (2007)	✓	?	✓	?	×	✓	✓	×	✓	?	Inadequate
Itoh et al. (2008)	✓	?	✓	?	×	✓	✓	×	✓	?	Inadequate
Itoh et al. (2012)	✓	?	✓	?	×	✓	✓	×	✓	?	Inadequate
Itoh et al. (2014)	✓	?	✓	?	×	✓	✓	×	✓	?	Inadequate
Katsumi et al. (2004)	✓	?	✓	?	×	✓	?	✓	✓	?	Inadequate
Mayoral et al. (2013)	✓	?	✓	?	×	✓	✓	×	✓	?	Inadequate
McMillan, Nolan & Kelly (1997)	?	?	✓	?	×	✓	✓	?	✓	?	Inadequate
Myburgh et al. (2012)	✓	?	✓	?	×	✓	?	×	✓	?	Inadequate
Nabeta & Kawakita (2002)	✓	?	✓	?	×	✓	?	✓	✓	?	Inadequate
Pecos-Martín et al. (2015)	✓	?	✓	?	×	✓	✓	✓	✓	?	Inadequate
Sterling et al. (2015)	✓	✓	✓	?	×	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	Adequate
Tekin et al. (2013)	✓	?	✓	?	×	✓	✓	×	✓	?	Inadequate
Tough et al. (2009)/ Tough et al. (2010)	✓	?	✓	×	×	×	?	✓	✓	×	Inadequate
Tsai et al. (2010)	✓	?	✓	?	×	✓	✓	✓	✓	?	Inadequate

Notes.

^aKey domains (used to determine overall Risk of Bias for individual trials).

^bDomains used to determine blinding adequacy.

PB

Participant Blinding

RPB

Research Personnel Blinding

TB

Therapist Blinding

OAB

Outcome Assessor Blinding

✓

Low RoB

?

Unclear RoB

×

High RoB