Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study participants by diabetes status and level of renal dysfunction
| Variables | Normal range | All (n = 115) | Healthy controls (n = 25) | T2DM (n = 30) | T2DM + micro- albuminuria (n = 9) | T2DM + macro-albuminuria (n = 23) | T2DM + ESRD (n = 28) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||||||
| Age (years), mean ± SD | 57.6 ± 12.9 | 49 ± 16.1 | 60.5 ± 11.9 | 61.7 ± 12.8 | 60.2 ± 10.9 | 58.6 ± 9.5 | 0.005 | |
| Male (%) | 56 | 68 | 66 | 55 | 43 | 50 | 0.33 | |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD | 19–25 | 30.9 ± 6.6 | 32.3 ± 7.5 | 33.2 ± 7.3 | 32 ± 4.9 | 30.3 ± 5.4 | 27.1 ± 4.4 | 0.004 |
| Serum chemistry, mean ± SD | ||||||||
| GFR (mL/min) | <90 | 61.4 ± 42.6 | 94.3 ± 18.6 | 94.2 ± 25.7 | 75.1 ± 23.3 | 46.1 ± 23.6 | 5 ± 0 | <0.001 |
| Calcium (mg/dL) | 8.4–10.2 | 9.1 ± 0.6 | 8.9 ± 0.5 | 9.3 ± 0.3 | 9.3 ± 0.4 | 9.0 ± 0.3 | 8.9 ± 0.9 | 0.11 |
| Phosphorus (mg/dL) | 3–5.5 | 4.1 ± 1.3 | 3.7 ± 0.5 | 3.5 ± 0.5 | 3.5 ± 0.8 | 4.1 ± 1.3 | 5.3 ± 1.6 | <0.001 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 3.3–4.0 | 3.74 ± 0.5 | 3.8 ± 0.4 | 3.9 ± 0.4 | 3.9 ± 0.3 | 3.5 ± 0.5 | 3.5 ± 0.6 | 0.007 |
| Inflammatory markers, median (IQR) | ||||||||
| CRP (mg/dL) | <0.3 | 0.38 (0.17–0.8) | 0.41 (0.17–0.79) | 0.29 (0.12–0.65) | 0.15 (0.1–0.4) | 0.35 (0.2–0.57) | 0.78 (0.23–1.32) | 0.001 |
| FGF23 (RU/mL) | ≤180 | 86.4 (32.9–482) | 32.9 (20.4–52.7) | 36.1 (21.6–89.3) | 69.8 (44.7–86.4) | 121.8 (54.5–243) | 2014.5 (867–4396) | <0.001 |
| TNF-α (pg/mL) | 4.14 (3.37–7.94) | 3.85 (3.0–4.85) | 3.24 (1.0–3.78) | 3.66 (3.47–4.5) | 4.33 (3.72–10.6) | 8.4 (5.12–12.9) | 0.01 | |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | 2.04 (1.21–4.14) | 1.31 (0.82–2.54) | 1.65 (0.91–2.88) | 1.75 (1.39–2.19) | 1.6 (1.22–3.26) | 5.0 (2.63–6.99) | <0.001 | |
| NGAL (ng/mL) | 100–200 | 192 (110–419) | 150.9 (117–208) | 108.8 (76.1–212) | 114.6 (108–236) | 195.7 (159–291) | 1284.9 (829–1562) | <0.001 |
aDetermined by the MDRD equation.
P: significance level, comparison of group means with one-way ANOVA.