TABLE 1.

Selected characteristics of the study sample, by site (total n = 13,824)¹

	Brazil (n = 4836)	India (n = 5342)	Philippines (n = 2504)	South Africa (n = 1142)
Maternal height, cm	156.4 ± 6.1	152.1 ± 5.5	150.6 ± 5.0	158.7 ± 6.5
Maternal age at birth of child, y	25.8 ± 6.1	25.9 ± 5.2	26.3 ± 6.0	26.0 ± 6.1
Maternal schooling, y	6.48 ± 4.19	5.23 ± 4.62	7.11 ± 3.31	9.55 ± 3.00
Paternal schooling, y	6.88 ± 4.27	10.7 ± 4.97	7.33 ± 3.50	10.59 ± 2.83
Marital status at birth of child
Married	91.8	99.8	97.5	43.5
Birth order
1	39.3	17.7	22.3	36.6
2	28.1	25.5	22.5	30.2
3	16.3	22.2	19.4	17.7
≥4	16.3	34.6	35.8	15.5
Child dependency ratio (children aged <18 y per adult)	1.21 ± 0.87	1.28 ± 0.76	1.49 ± 0.94	0.86 ± 0.62
Crowding ratio (people per room)	2.94 ± 1.40	4.41 ± 1.97	3.15 ± 1.84	3.02 ± 1.63
Social class2
1 (Lowest)	43.1	1.8	11.5	22.0
2	30.4	10.6	21.7	35.9
3	5.2	21.8	50.5	11.0
4	6.4	49.7	7.7	12.9
5 (Highest)	14.8	15.9	3.8	2.1
Income2
1 (Lowest)	22.1	20.3	20.0	23.3
2	18.5	22.1	20.0	29.6
3	19.6	17.5	20.0	13.6
4	22.1	20.9	20.0	19.7
5 (Highest)	17.8	19.3	20.0	13.8
Use of health services
Low	32.6	29.1	42.3	17.9
Medium	34.7	30.0	51.3	52.0
High	32.8	40.9	6.5	30.2
Toilet type
None	0.6	22.7	33.2	0.0
Some	20.2	39.8	60.9	21.8
Flush	79.1	37.5	5.9	78.2
Access to safe water
Worst	4.7	17.7	14.2	0.0
Intermediate	18.6	47.8	72.4	45.1
Best	76.8	34.4	13.4	54.9
Sex
Female	48.6	47.9	47.0	51.4
Birthweight, kg	3.19 ± 0.57	2.79 ± 0.44	2.99 ± 0.44	3.07 ± 0.51
Height at 24 mo, cm	80.7 ± 4.9	80.5 ± 3.9	79.2 ± 3.7	83.1 ± 4.1
Stunted at 24 mo	14.0	46.2	67.7	26.2

¹Data are means ± SDs or percentages.

²Social class and income categories are site-specific, based on a 5-point scale.