Table 3.
Regression-Based Associations Between Physical Functioning and Socio-demographic and Health Characteristics, HAALSI Sample
| (1) | (2) | (1) | (2) | (1) | (2) | (1) | (2) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1+ ADL (Logit) | SR Health (OLS) | Gait speed (m/s) (OLS) | Grip strength (kg) (OLS) | |||||
| Age (continuous) | 0.050** [0.040,0.060] | 0.047** [0.037,0.057] | −0.018** [−0.021, −0.016] | −0.017** [−0.020, −0.014] | −0.0035** [−0.004, −0.003] | −0.0031** [−0.004, −0.002] | −0.24** [−0.27, −0.22] | −0.23** [−0.26, −0.21] |
| Gender (Women = ref) | ||||||||
| Men | 0.20*** [−0.030,0.44] | 0.26* [0.0063,0.51] | 0.053*** [−0.0063,0.11] | 0.057*** [−0.0049,0.12] | 0.032** [0.015,0.049] | 0.029** [0.012,0.047] | 7.82** [7.31,8.34] | 7.77** [7.23,8.31] |
| Education level (none = ref) | ||||||||
| Primary (1–7 years) | −0.16 [−0.40,0.075] | −0.065 [−0.31,0.18] | 0.057*** [−0.0084,0.12] | 0.034 [−0.034,0.10] | 0.012 [−0.0058,0.030] | 0.018*** [−0.000039,0.037] | 0.73** [0.23,1.23] | 0.63* [0.11,1.15] |
| Some secondary (8–11 years) | −0.26 [−0.70,0.18] | −0.063 [−0.51,0.39] | 0.15** [0.057,0.24] | 0.090*** [−0.0070,0.19] | 0.018 [−0.0093,0.046] | 0.028* [0.000046,0.057] | 1.94** [1.08,2.81] | 1.71** [0.81,2.60] |
| Secondary or more (12+ years) | −0.21 [−0.75,0.34] | 0.25 [−0.33,0.83] | 0.33** [0.23,0.42] | 0.18** [0.071,0.28] | 0.019 [−0.0100,0.048] | 0.026 [−0.0070,0.059] | 2.96** [1.95,3.97] | 2.23** [1.15,3.31] |
| Marital status (currently married = ref) | ||||||||
| Never married | 0.44*** [−0.063,0.95] | 0.42 [−0.11,0.95] | −0.22** [−0.35, −0.092] | −0.17* [−0.30, −0.035] | −0.049** [−0.081, −0.017] | −0.054** [−0.088, −0.020] | −2.47** [−3.76, −1.19] | −1.91** [−3.21, −0.60] |
| Divorced/ separated | 0.30*** [−0.043,0.64] | 0.31 [−0.072,0.69] | −0.13** [−0.22, −0.047] | −0.091*** [−0.18,0.0033] | 0.01 [−0.016,0.036] | 0.0092 [−0.019,0.038] | −0.73*** [−1.51,0.047] | −0.26 [−1.08,0.56] |
| Widowed | 0.35** [0.085,0.62] | 0.35* [0.066,0.64] | −0.14** [−0.21, −0.065] | −0.12** [−0.20, −0.046] | −0.026* [−0.047, −0.0059] | −0.025* [−0.046, −0.0037] | −0.54*** [−1.10,0.018] | −0.32 [−0.91,0.27] |
| HIV (HIV− = ref) | ||||||||
| HIV*** | 0.087 [−0.21,0.38] | 0.076 [−0.22,0.37] | 0.034 [−0.035,0.10] | 0.035 [−0.034,0.10] | 0.027* [0.0054,0.048] | 0.027* [0.0060,0.048] | 0.28 [−0.31,0.86] | 0.3 [−0.28,0.89] |
| Heart diseasea (no diagnosed heart disease = ref) | ||||||||
| Heart disease | 0.077 [−0.45,0.61] | 0.024 [−0.52,0.57] | −0.18* [−0.35, −0.016] | −0.17* [−0.34, −0.0043] | −0.071** [−0.12, −0.024] | −0.068** [−0.11, −0.022] | −0.056 [−1.50,1.39] | 0.013 [−1.45,1.47] |
| Strokeb (no diagnosed stroke = ref) | ||||||||
| Stroke | 2.03** [1.67,2.38] | 2.08** [1.72,2.44] | −0.53** [−0.72, −0.34] | −0.52** [−0.72, −0.33] | −0.091** [−0.14, −0.038] | −0.091** [−0.14, −0.041] | −2.87** [−4.21, −1.52] | −3.03** [−4.37, −1.69] |
| Household composition (3–6 person household = ref) | ||||||||
| Living alone | −0.46* [−0.85, −0.071] | −0.026 [−0.13,0.079] | −0.006 [−0.036,0.024] | 0.19 [−0.71,1.09] | ||||
| Living with 1 other person | 0.067 [−0.25,0.38] | −0.082*** [−0.18,0.013] | −0.015 [−0.040,0.011] | −0.70*** [−1.41,0.019] | ||||
| Living in 7+ person household | −0.093 [−0.35,0.16] | −0.066* [−0.13, −0.0015] | 0.019* [0.00068,0.037] | 0.33 [−0.19,0.85] | ||||
| Employment status (unemployed = ref) | ||||||||
| Employed | −0.74** [−1.24, −0.24] | 0.21** [0.13,0.28] | 0.027* [0.0036,0.050] | 2.01** [1.29,2.73] | ||||
| Household asset index quantile (first = ref) | ||||||||
| Second quantile | 0.18 [−0.13,0.49] | 0.081*** [−0.010,0.17] | −0.011 [−0.039,0.016] | −0.16 [−0.88,0.56] | ||||
| Third quantile | −0.16 [−0.49,0.17] | 0.097* [0.0034,0.19] | −0.058** [−0.083, −0.033] | 0.88* [0.12,1.64] | ||||
| Fourth quantile | −0.23 [−0.59,0.12] | 0.13* [0.029,0.22] | −0.031* [−0.059, −0.0041] | 0.63*** [−0.11,1.37] | ||||
| Fifth quantile | −0.66** [−1.06, −0.27] | 0.17** [0.077,0.27] | −0.035* [−0.063, −0.0068] | 1.22** [0.40,2.03] | ||||
| Number of observations | 5,038 | 4,936 | 5,036 | 4,934 | 4,664 | 4,581 | 4,628 | 4,540 |
Notes. ADL = activities of daily living; HAALSI = Health and Aging in Africa: a Longitudinal Study of an INDEPTH Community in South Africa; OLS = ordinary least squares. Self-rated health ranges from 1 (Very bad) to 5 (Very good). ADL limitation classified as reporting difficulty on one or more of the following activities: eating, bathing, toileting, getting in/out of bed, walking.
aHeart disease is coded as 1 if respondent reported being previously diagnosed with heart failure, prior heart attack, and 0 otherwise.
bCoded as 1 if respondent reported having a previous diagnosis of stroke, 0 otherwise.
*p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .10.