TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics of cohort participants by frequency of coffee consumption1
| Frequency of coffee intake | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| None to <1 cup/d | 1 cup/d | ≥2 cups/d | |
| Participants, n | 18,778 | 22,757 | 21,612 |
| ESRD cases, n | 390 | 419 | 334 |
| Age at recruitment, y | 56.6 ± 8.32 | 56.8 ± 8.0 | 56.2 ± 7.7 |
| Male, n (%) | 7988 (43) | 8647 (38) | 11,261 (52) |
| Dialect, n (%) | |||
| Cantonese | 8950 (48) | 10,711 (47) | 9571 (44) |
| Hokkein | 9828 (52) | 12,046 (53) | 12,041 (56) |
| Secondary school or higher, n (%) | 6239 (33) | 5993 (26) | 5618 (26) |
| Ever smoker, n (%) | 4320 (23) | 6053 (27) | 8928 (41) |
| Physical activity,3n (%) | 6872 (37) | 7113 (31) | 6779 (31) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.2 ± 3.3 | 23.2 ± 3.3 | 23.0 ± 3.3 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 4831 (26) | 5770 (25) | 4371 (20) |
| Coronary artery disease, % | 958 (5) | 901 (4) | 728 (3) |
| Stroke, n (%) | 382 (2) | 325 (1) | 239 (1) |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 2036 (11) | 2100 (9) | 1535 (7) |
| Total protein intake, g/d | 58.4 ± 23.6 | 57.2 ± 23.2 | 61.9 ± 25.3 |
| Total red meat intake, g/d | 28.6 ± 23.3 | 28.9 ± 22.5 | 33.9 ± 26.4 |
| Alcohol intake, n (%) | |||
| Nondrinkers | 17,102 (91) | 20,246 (89) | 18,489(86) |
| Weekly drinkers | 1211 (7) | 1698 (7) | 2196 (10) |
| Daily drinkers | 465 (3) | 813 (4) | 927 (4) |
| Caffeine, mg/d | 55.7 ± 61.5 | 115.0 ± 48.2 | 262.3 ± 85.9 |
| Green tea consumption, cups/mo | 11.8 ± 28.4 | 9.1 ± 23.4 | 7.9 ± 21.9 |
| Black tea consumption, cups/mo | 10.5 ± 21.2 | 5.3 ± 13.1 | 5.3 ± 14.5 |
| Soda consumption, glasses/wk | 0.5 ± 2.0 | 0.5 ± 1.9 | 0.7 ± 2.3 |
1 n = 63,147. The standard serving size of 1 cup or 1 glass was assigned as 237 mL. P values were based on chi-square test for categorical variables and 1-factor ANOVA for continuous variables (all P values <0.0001). ESRD, end-stage renal disease.
2Mean ± SD (all such values).
3Physical activity was defined as any weekly moderate activity, vigorous activity, or strenuous sports lasting ≥30 min (yes or no).