TABLE 4.
Adjusted ORs (95% CIs) for the association between baseline plasma selenium concentration and diabetes, stratified by dietary intake of other nutrients1
| Tertile of mean ± SD baseline plasma selenium | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tertile of mean ± SD dietary intake | 113.5 ± 9.7 ng/mL | 135.4 ± 5.9 ng/mL | 168.7 ± 23.4 ng/mL | P-trend2 | P-interaction | |
| Energy intake, n cases (%) | 0.82 | |||||
| 1052 ± 244 kcal/d | 14 (23.3) | 17 (28.3) | 29 (48.3) | |||
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.89 (0.40, 1.98) | 1.70 (0.81, 3.56) | 0.12 | ||
| 1694 ± 179 kcal/d | 14 (29.2) | 15 (31.3) | 29 (39.6) | |||
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.07 (0.47, 2.46) | 1.37 (0.62, 3.03) | 0.43 | ||
| 2847 ± 795 kcal/d | 15 (23.8) | 23 (36.5) | 25 (39.7) | |||
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 2.07 (0.94, 4.56) | 1.78 (0.82, 3.90) | 0.17 | ||
| Protein, n cases (%) | 0.64 | |||||
| 42.6 ± 10.5 g/d | 13 (24.5) | 13 (24.5) | 27 (50.9) | |||
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.77 (0.32, 1.83) | 2.04 (0.95, 4.37) | 0.04 | ||
| 69.4 ± 7.1 g/d | 13 (27.1) | 18 (37.5) | 17 (35.4) | |||
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.18 (0.52, 2.69) | 1.24 (0.55, 2.80) | 0.62 | ||
| 115.4 ± 37.2 g/d | 17 (24.3) | 24 (34.3) | 29 (41.4) | |||
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.74 (0.83, 3.62) | 1.57 (0.77, 3.19) | 0.24 | ||
| Carbohydrate, n cases (%) | 0.90 | |||||
| 131.1 ± 33.0 g/d | 11 (20.0) | 17 (30.9) | 27 (49.1) | |||
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.24 (0.52, 2.95) | 2.47 (1.11, 5.50) | 0.02 | ||
| 224.0 ± 27.4 g/d | 16 (29.1) | 17 (30.9) | 22 (40.0) | |||
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.25 (0.57, 2.72) | 1.33 (0.63, 2.82) | 0.46 | ||
| 390.4 ± 108.2 g/d | 16 (26.2) | 21 (34.4) | 24 (39.3) | |||
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.39 (0.65, 3.00) | 1.43 (0.67, 3.05) | 0.37 | ||
| Total fat, n cases (%) | 0.28 | |||||
| 31.2 ± 8.5 g/d | 17 (29.3) | 18 (31.0) | 23 (39.7) | |||
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.94 (0.44, 2.01) | 1.30 (0.62, 2.73) | 0.47 | ||
| 54.8 ± 6.7 g/d | 11 (23.4) | 12 (25.5) | 24 (51.1) | |||
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.94 (0.35, 2.52) | 2.40 (1.03, 5.61) | 0.03 | ||
| 99.6 ± 33.8 g/d | 15 (22.7) | 25 (37.9) | 26 (39.4) | |||
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 2.26 (1.04, 4.91) | 2.07 (0.96, 4.49) | 0.08 | ||
| Total fiber, n cases (%) | 0.62 | |||||
| 10.4 ± 2.7 g/d | 10 (20.4) | 16 (32.7) | 23 (46.9) | |||
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.41 (0.57, 3.48) | 3.11 (1.33, 7.24) | 0.006 | ||
| 18.7 ± 2.5 g/d | 15 (25.9) | 19 (32.8) | 24 (41.4) | |||
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.17 (0.54, 2.51) | 1.62 (0.77, 3.44) | 0.20 | ||
| 33.4 ± 11.1 g/d | 18 (28.1) | 20 (31.3) | 26 (40.6) | |||
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.43 (0.67, 3.04) | 1.42 (0.69, 2.92) | 0.35 | ||
| Retinol, n cases (%) | 0.74 | |||||
| 3301.0 ± 939.1 IU/d | 15 (25.9) | 17 (29.3) | 26 (44.8) | |||
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.89 (0.40, 1.96) | 1.86 (0.88, 3.91) | 0.08 | ||
| 6322.7 ± 933.2 IU/d | 14 (28.0) | 16 (32.0) | 20 (40.0) | |||
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.96 (0.42, 2.18) | 1.50 (0.68, 3.32) | 0.31 | ||
| 14,017.9 ± 12,384.3 IU/d | 14 (22.2) | 22 (34.9) | 27 (42.9) | |||
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 2.40 (1.08, 5.35) | 2.08 (0.97, 4.45) | 0.08 | ||
| β-Carotene, n cases (%) | 0.65 | |||||
| 1173.2 ± 403.2 µg/d | 15 (26.8) | 16 (28.6) | 25 (44.6) | |||
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.79 (0.35, 1.76) | 1.92 (0.91, 4.06) | 0.07 | ||
| 2510.9 ± 450.5 µg/d | 16 (27.1) | 19 (32.2) | 24 (40.7) | |||
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.28 (0.59, 2.77) | 1.69 (0.79, 3.59) | 0.18 | ||
| 6302.7 ± 5989.8 µg/d | 12 (21.4) | 20 (35.7) | 24 (42.9) | |||
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.79 (0.78, 4.13) | 1.76 (0.78, 3.96) | 0.20 | ||
| β-Cryptoxanthin, n cases (%) | 0.48 | |||||
| 42.6 ± 17.0 µg/d | 16 (25.4) | 25 (39.7) | 22 (34.9) | |||
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.63 (0.79, 3.38) | 1.92 (0.92, 4.00) | 0.09 | ||
| 120.0 ± 32.3 µg/d, | 18 (29.5) | 15 (24.6) | 28 (45.9) | |||
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.68 (0.31, 1.48) | 1.39 (0.69, 2.79) | 0.30 | ||
| 379.2 ± 174.5 µg/d | 9 (19.2) | 15 (31.9) | 23 (48.9) | |||
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 2.46 (0.90, 6.73) | 3.03 (1.15, 7.98) | 0.03 | ||
| Lycopene, n cases (%) | 0.25 | |||||
| 2095.0 ± 727.3 µg/d | 14 (24.1) | 17 (29.3) | 27 (46.6) | |||
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.18 (0.54, 2.57) | 1.90 (0.91, 3.97) | 0.08 | ||
| 4169.3 ± 604.2 µg/d | 15 (28.3) | 22 (41.5) | 16 (30.2) | |||
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.54 (0.67, 3.54) | 1.18 (0.50, 2.78) | 0.75 | ||
| 8461.9 ± 3679.8 µg/d | 14 (23.3) | 16 (26.7) | 30 (50.0) | |||
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.29 (0.56, 2.95) | 2.66 (1.25, 5.67) | 0.008 | ||
| Lutein, n cases (%) | 0.60 | |||||
| 915.9 ± 319.9 µg/d | 15 (28.9) | 13 (25.0) | 24 (46.2) | |||
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.67 (0.29, 1.54) | 1.77 (0.85, 3.68) | 0.11 | ||
| 1976.2 ± 354.0 µg/d | 18 (28.6) | 21 (33.3) | 24 (38.1) | |||
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.30 (0.60, 2.78) | 1.52 (0.73, 3.16) | 0.26 | ||
| 4774.5 ± 3453.0 µg/d | 10 (17.9) | 21 (37.5) | 25 (44.6) | |||
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 2.59 (1.09, 6.17) | 2.43 (1.03, 5.72) | 0.06 | ||
| α-Tocopherol, n cases (%) | 0.73 | |||||
| 3.75 ± 1.0 mg/d | 15 (25.4) | 18 (30.5) | 26 (44.1) | |||
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.03 (0.47, 2.26) | 1.82 (0.88, 3.74) | 0.09 | ||
| 6.5 ± 0.8 mg/d | 12 (23.1) | 16 (30.8) | 24 (46.2) | |||
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.37 (0.60, 3.14) | 1.95 (0.90, 4.24) | 0.09 | ||
| 12.2 ± 5.1 mg/d | 16 (26.7) | 21 (35.0) | 23 (38.3) | |||
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.83 (0.82, 4.10) | 1.52 (0.70, 3.31) | 0.34 | ||
| γ-Tocopherol, n cases (%) | 0.94 | |||||
| 1.6 ± 0.5 mg/d | 16 (29.6) | 15 (27.8) | 23 (42.6) | |||
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.91 (0.41, 2.05) | 1.66 (0.79, 3.51) | 0.17 | ||
| 3.3 ± 0.5 mg/d | 14 (25.0) | 17 (30.3) | 25 (44.6) | |||
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.41 (0.61, 3.25) | 1.95 (0.88, 4.32) | 0.10 | ||
| 7.0 ± 3.0 mg/d | 13 (21.3) | 23 (37.7) | 25 (41.0) | |||
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.78 (0.81, 3.93) | 2.16 (0.99, 4.72) | 0.06 | ||
1
Models adjusted for age, sex, BMI, race, ethnicity, smoking, education, and dietary intake of energy, protein, carbohydrate, total fat, and total fiber.
2
P values are P-trend for continuous variables.