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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Dec 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Dev Orig Health Dis. 2017 Jun 27;8(6):638–648. doi: 10.1017/S2040174417000411

Figure 1. — Associations between prenatal stress and child negative affectivity: Effect modification by maternal prenatal antioxidant intakes (N = 122). Prenatal stress assessed via the Crisis in Family Systems-Revised (CRISYS-R) survey. Child negative affectivity assessed via the Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire-Very Short form (ECBQ-VS). Individual antioxidant intakes assessed via the Block98 Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), modified. Figure depicts the change in child ECBQ-VS Negative Affectivity scores associated with each unit increase in prenatal Negative Life Events domain score exposures (NLE) assessed via the CRISYS-R, grouped by maternal prenatal intakes of zinc, selenium, and vitamins A and C. High and low antioxidant intake groups were determined by median split (see Table 1 for median split values for each antioxidant). Analyses adjusted for maternal race/ethnicity, education, and age and child sex and age. The formal interaction term (continuous NLE score x dichotomized antioxidant intake score) was significant for zinc, P = 0.047, and selenium, P = 0.024, and approached significance for vitamin A, P = 0.075, and vitamin C, P = 0.059. In each panel, the light shaded region represents 95% confidence intervals for predicated average child Negative Affectivity among mothers with low antioxidant intakes (solid line); the medium shaded region represents 95% confidence intervals for predicated average child Negative Affectivity among mothers with high antioxidant intakes (dashed line); and the dark shaded region represents the overlap between 95% confidence intervals. The interaction term was not significant for vitamin E, magnesium, or beta-carotene, Ps > 0.60 (not shown).

Figure 1. — Associations between prenatal stress and child negative affectivity: Effect modification by maternal prenatal antioxidant intakes (N = 122). Prenatal stress assessed via the Crisis in Family Systems-Revised (CRISYS-R) survey. Child negative affectivity assessed via the Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire-Very Short form (ECBQ-VS). Individual antioxidant intakes assessed via the Block98 Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), modified. Figure depicts the change in child ECBQ-VS Negative Affectivity scores associated with each unit increase in prenatal Negative Life Events domain score exposures (NLE) assessed via the CRISYS-R, grouped by maternal prenatal intakes of zinc, selenium, and vitamins A and C. High and low antioxidant intake groups were determined by median split (see Table 1 for median split values for each antioxidant). Analyses adjusted for maternal race/ethnicity, education, and age and child sex and age. The formal interaction term (continuous NLE score x dichotomized antioxidant intake score) was significant for zinc, P = 0.047, and selenium, P = 0.024, and approached significance for vitamin A, P = 0.075, and vitamin C, P = 0.059. In each panel, the light shaded region represents 95% confidence intervals for predicated average child Negative Affectivity among mothers with low antioxidant intakes (solid line); the medium shaded region represents 95% confidence intervals for predicated average child Negative Affectivity among mothers with high antioxidant intakes (dashed line); and the dark shaded region represents the overlap between 95% confidence intervals. The interaction term was not significant for vitamin E, magnesium, or beta-carotene, Ps > 0.60 (not shown).