Table 4. Qualitative construct, category, and frequency.
| Construct | Category | na (%)b | Frequencyc (Mean)d | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| S. Korea (N = 18) |
China (N = 25) |
Japan (N = 17) |
S. Korea (N = 18) |
China (N = 25) |
Japan (N = 17) |
|||
|
Human Beauty Values |
Superiority | 14 (77.78) | 1 (4.00) | 2 (11.76) | 37 (2.64) | 1 (1.00) | 2 (1.00) | |
| Self-Development | 7 (38.89) | 22 (88.00) | 14 (82.35) | 13 (1.86) | 79 (3.59) | 29 (2.07) | ||
| Individuality | 6 (33.33) | 11 (44.00) | 16 (94.12) | 6 (1.00) | 17 (1.55) | 65 (4.06) | ||
| Authenticity | 8 (44.44) | 9 (36.00) | 10 (58.82) | 9 (1.13) | 12 (1.33) | 14 (1.40) | ||
| X2 | 31.926 (df = 6, p < 0.001) | 193.886 (df = 6, p < 0.001) | ||||||
| Antece-dents | Upward Social Comparison | 12 (66.67) | 4 (16.00) | 12 (70.59) | 25 (2.08) | 4 (1.00) | 22 (1.83) | |
| Introjection Comparison | 11 (61.11) | 16 (64.00) | 3 (17.65) | 22 (2.00) | 24 (1.50) | 3 (1.00) | ||
| Projection Comparison | 4 (22.22) | 1 (4.00) | 15 (88.24) | 4 (1.00) | 1 (1.00) | 42 (2.80) | ||
| Social Competition | 14 (77.78) | 8 (32.00) | 11 (64.71) | 66 (4.71) | 10 (1.25) | 22 (2.00) | ||
| Social Norms | 14 (77.78) | 23 (92.00) | 15 (88.24) | 44 (3.14) | 95 (4.13) | 26 (1.73) | ||
| X2 | 33.858 (df = 8, p < 0.001) | 198.286 (df = 8, p < 0.001) | ||||||
| Conse-quences | Emotion: Ambivalent Emotion_Others | 12 (66.67) | 3 (12.00) | 7 (41.18) | 28 (2.33) | 3 (1.00) | 12 (1.71) | |
| Emotion: Ambivalent Emotion_Self | 8 (44.44) | 0 (0.00) | 6 (35.29) | 13 (1.63) | 0 (0.00) | 6 (1.00) | ||
| Attitude: Positive Self Concepts | 8 (44.44) | 15 (60.00) | 5 (29.41) | 10 (1.25) | 30 (2.00) | 6 (1.20) | ||
| Attitude: Negative Self Concepts | 12 (66.67) | 0 (0.00) | 8 (47.06) | 28 (2.33) | 0 (0.00) | 12 (1.50) | ||
| Behavior: Body Modification | 12 (66.67) | 6 (24.00) | 3 (17.65) | 30 (2.50) | 11 (1.83) | 3 (1.00) | ||
| Behavior: Body Supplement | 10 (55.56) | 19 (76.00) | 16 (94.12) | 39 (3.90) | 53 (2.79) | 66 (4.13) | ||
| X2 | 35.264 (df = 10, p < 0.001) | 106.874 (df = 10, p < 0.001) | ||||||
Frequently mentioned categories in the three cultures are marked as highlighted cells.
a The number of interviewees who referred to a specific category.
b The percentage of interviewees who referred to a specific category.
c The total number of times the interviewees mentioned a specific category.
d The average number of interviewees’ responses referring to a specific category.