Table 1.

Strength of Evidence Across Gun Policies and Outcomes

	Background Checks	Bans on the Sale of Assault Weapons and High-Capacity Magazines	Stand-Your-Ground Laws	Prohibitions Associated with Mental Illness	Lost or Stolen Firearm Reporting Requirements	Licensing and Permitting Requirements	Firearm Sales Reporting and Recording Requirements	Child-Access Prevention Laws	Surrender of Firearms by Prohibited Possessors	Minimum Age Requirements		Concealed-Carry Laws		Waiting Periods	Gun-Free Zones
										Purchasing	Possessing	Shall Issue	Permitless Carry
Suicide
Total suicides	↑ L		I	↑ L		I		↑ L		I	I	I
Firearm suicides	↑ M		I	↑ L		I		↑ M			I	I
Firearm suicides among children										⊠ L
Firearm self-injuries (nonfatal)												I
Firearm self-injuries (including suicides)								↑ S
Violent crime	↑ L			↑ M				I	I			࢑ L		I
Total homicides	↑ L	I	↓ M	↑ L		I				I	I	I
Firearm homicides	↑ M, I*	I	↓ L	I		I		I		I	I	I
Intimate partner homicides									I					I
Robberies												I
Assaults												I
Rapes												I
Other violent crime			I
Unintentional injuries and deaths
Unintentional firearm deaths											I
Unintentional firearm injuries and deaths among adults								↑ L
Unintentional firearm injuries and deaths among children								↑ S
Unintentional firearm injuries among adults												↓ L
Unintentional firearm injuries among children												I
Mass shootings	I	I				I		I		I		I	I	I
Officer-involved shootings
Defensive gun use			I
Hunting and recreation
Gun industry
Gun ownership												I
Prices of banned firearms in the short term		↓ L

NOTE: I = inconclusive; L = limited; M = moderate; S = supportive. When we identified no studies meeting eligibility criteria, cells are blank. ⊠ = the policy increases the outcome; ⊠ = the policy decreases the outcome.

* We concluded that there is moderate evidence that dealer background checks decrease firearm homicides, and there is inconclusive evidence for the effect of private-seller background checks on firearm homicides.