Table 3.

Factors associated with choosing assisted (54%) vs. unassisted problem resolution.

Variable	assisted		univariate				multivariable
	%	SE	OR^a	95% CI		r-sq	AOR ^b	95% CI		r-sq
Demographics
Gender						0.00				0.01
Female	51.8	2.32	0.87	(0.73, 1.04)			0.88	(0.73, 1.06)
Male	55.3	2.17	1.00	[Reference]			1.00	[Reference]
Age						0.01				0.01
18–24 yrs (emerging adulthood)	54.4	8.56	1.29	(0.85, 1.95)			1.30	(0.86, 1.97)
25–49 yrs (young adults)	50.0	2.63	1.08	(0.82, 1.42)			1.11	(0.83, 1.47)
50–64 yrs (mid-life stage adults)	61.1	2.24	1.69	(1.27, 2.26)	^**		1.71	(1.28, 2.28)	^**
65+ yrs (older adults)	48.1	2.84	1.00	[Reference]			1.00	[Reference]
Race						0.00				0.01
White, Non-Hispanic	53.4	1.84	1.00	[Reference]			1.00	[Reference]
Black, Non-Hispanic	57.9	4.66	1.20	(0.92, 1.56)			1.23	(0.94, 1.60)
Other, Non-Hispanic	60.2	8.13	1.32	(0.89, 1.94)			1.33	(0.90, 1.97)
Hispanic	50.4	4.51	0.89	(0.70, 1.13)			0.90	(0.71, 1.15)
2+ Races, Non-Hispanic	51.8	8.64	0.94	(0.47, 1.85)			0.91	(0.46, 1.80)
Clinically relevant indices
Time since problem resolution (in years)						0.00				0.02
0–5 years	53.7	3.02	1.00	[Reference]			1.00	[Reference]
5–15 years	53.1	2.74	0.98	(0.79, 1.21)			0.90	(0.71, 1.13)
15+ years	54.7	2.44	1.04	(0.83, 1.30)			0.85	(0.65, 1.11)
Number of substances used 10+ times ^c						0.01				0.03
1 substance	46.1	3.05	1.00	[Reference]			1.00	[Reference]
2 substances	53.4	3.48	1.34	(1.04, 1.72)	^*		1.32	(1.02, 1.70)	^*
3+ substances	58.5	2.21	1.65	(1.33, 2.04)	^**		1.63	(1.31, 2.03)	^**
Age of onset of first substance ^c						0.01				0.02
< 15 years of age	58.8	2.32	1.47	(1.23, 1.75)	^**		1.46	(1.21, 1.75)	^**
> 15 years of age	49.3	2.18	1.00	[Reference]			1.00	[Reference]
Age of onset of problem substance ^c						0.02				0.04
< 15 years of age	61.4	2.68	1.42	(1.17, 1.73)	^**		1.42	(1.17, 1.74)	^**
> 15 years of age	52.8	2.14	1.00	[Reference]			1.00	[Reference]
Primary substance ^c						0.02				0.04
Alcohol	55.9	2.10	1.00	[Reference]			1.00	[Reference]
Cannabis (e.g., marijuana, hashish)	45.8	5.53	0.67	(0.50, 0.90)	^**		0.66	(0.49, 0.89)	^**
Cocaine (e.g., coke, crack, freebase)	58.9	4.72	1.13	(0.83, 1.54)			1.03	(0.75, 1.42)
Methamphetamine (crank, meth)	59.7	6.32	1.17	(0.82, 1.67)			1.29	(0.89, 1.85)
Opioids (e.g., heroin, methadone)	71.5	6.75	1.98	(1.27, 3.08)	^**		2.17	(1.38, 3.41)	^**
Other	53.8	9.44	0.92	(0.53, 1.61)			1.04	(0.59, 1.83)
Lifetime mental health disorder diagnoses
Substance use disorder (vs. not)	90.2	1.89	10.64	(7.33, 15.44)	^**	0.12	10.81	(7.42, 15.74)	^**	0.13
Anxiety disorder (vs. not)	68.4	2.84	2.19	(1.75, 2.74)	^**	0.02	2.40	(1.90, 3.02)	^**	0.04
Mood disorder (vs. not)	67.1	3.22	1.97	(1.56, 2.50)	^**	0.02	2.12	(1.66, 2.70)	^**	0.03
Other disorder (vs. not)	61.0	5.61	1.37	(0.98, 1.92)		0.00	1.46	(1.04, 2.06)	^*	0.02
Never been diagnosed (vs. not)	38.9	2.25	0.30	(0.25, 0.36)	^**	0.08	0.27	(0.23, 0.33)	^**	0.10
History of involvement in a drug court ^b						0.09				0.10
Never been arrested	39.8	2.17	1.00	[Reference]			1.00	[Reference]
Arrested, no drug court	64.3	2.37	2.72	(2.25, 3.30)	^**		2.79	(2.29, 3.41)	^**
Arrested, drug court	83.1	4.09	7.47	(4.81, 11.60)	^**		8.06	(5.15, 12.63)	^**

Abbreviations:

OR, odds ratio;

AOR, adjusted odds ratio, adjusted for gender, age and race;

not shown are statistics for participants who did not answer this question, though they were included in analyses as a separate category as described in Table 1;

p < 0.05,

^**

p < 0.01.