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. 2018 Aug 3;8:11654. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-30185-3

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Flow diagram shows application of PBM in human NP cells, possible mechanism of IVD degeneration, and effects of PBM. (A) Flow diagram shows degenerative models of human NP cells stimulated by potential contributing factors derived from macrophages. (B) Mechanisms of IVD degeneration and therapeutic target sites of PBM (C) 3D view of the PBM platform comprising heatsink and LED modules.