Table 3.
Effects of infant formula composition on plasma lipid profile and metabolic outcomes of the intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) of adult PL, DL and DL + Lf pigs.
| Lipid profile (mmol/l) | PL | DL | DL + Lf | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diet effect | ||||
| NEFA | 0.63 ± 0.03 | 0.66 ± 0.05 | 0.58 ± 0.07 | 0.61 |
| Cholesterol* | 2.99 ± 0.17 | 2.89 ± 0.14 | 2.92 ± 0.14 | 0.36 |
| HDL-cholesterol | 1.24 ± 0.08 | 1.23 ± 0.12 | 1.12 ± 0.11 | 0.55 |
| Triglycerides | 0.28 ± 0.03 | 0.29 ± 0.03 | 0.25 ± 0.04 | 0.70 |
| Fasting glucose metabolism | ||||
| Glucose (mmol/l) | 5.43 ± 0.10 | 5.16 ± 0.15 | 5.48 ± 0.15 | 0.24 |
| Insulin (µIU/ml) | 28.3 ± 3.2 | 32.9 ± 3.1 | 29.2 ± 3.1 | 0.38 |
| HOMA-IR | 6.83 ± 0.77 | 7.63 ± 0.88 | 7.14 ± 0.79 | 0.63 |
| Metabolic outcomes | ||||
| Incremental glucose AUC (iAUCG, mmol/l) | 130 ± 5 | 148 ± 10 | 138 ± 10 | 0.23 |
| Incremental insulin AUC* (iAUCI, µIU/ml) | 3339 ± 234 | 3221 ± 256 | 3384 ± 435 | 0.43 |
| AIR 0–6min (µIU/ml) | 145 ± 10 | 129 ± 8 | 139 ± 10 | 0.45 |
| KG* (% glucose disappearance/min) | 4.81 ± 0.24 | 4.56 ± 0.34 | 4.66 ± 0.37 | 0.56 |
| Incremental insulin AUC/ | ||||
| Incremental glucose AUC* | 25.7 ± 1.5 | 22.1 ± 1.8 | 24.3 ± 2.4 | 0.17 |
| S2* (min−1.(µIU. ml−1)−1) | 4.85 ± 0.35 | 4.46 ± 0.62 | 5.08 ± 1.00 | 0.44 |
| SI* (10–4.min−1.(µIU.ml−1)−1) | 5.01 ± 0.51 | 5.39 ± 1.17 | 6.00 ± 1.45 | 0.15 |
| SG (10−2.min−1) | 3.22 ± 0.46 | 2.82 ± 0.09 | 3.14 ± 0.38 | 0.90 |
Formulas contained as lipids either: only plant lipids (PL, n = 9), a half-half mixture of plant and dairy lipids (DL, n = 6–8) or a half-half mixture of plant and dairy lipids supplemented with Lf (DL + Lf, n = 6–7). NEFA, Non-Esterified Fatty Acids; HDL-cholesterol, High-Density Lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL, Low-density Lipoproteins; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; AUC, area under the curve; AIR, acute insulin response; KG, rate of glucose disappearance; S2 and SI, insulin sensitivity indexes; SG, glucose efficiency index. Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM.
*A sexual dimorphism was observed: cholesterol level (p < 0.01) was higher in females than in males, AUC and Incremental insulin AUC/incremental glucose AUC were increased and KG, S2 and SI decreased in in males compared to females (p < 0.05).