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. 2018 Aug 3;8:11666. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-30094-5

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effects of phenylephrine in HUSMCs and ex vivo female mouse reproductive tract preparations. (a–c) The time course of changes and bar graph show the phenylephrine (PE), oxytocin (Oxt) and isoproterenol (Iso)’s effects on the cAMP reporter and Fura-2 fluorescence ratios (DMSO, n = 95; P4/E2, n = 64). Phenylephrine induced smaller cAMP transients in the P4 and E2 treated HUSMCs. (d–f) The time course and bar graph show caffeine’s effect on the cAMP reporter and Fura-2 fluorescence ratios (DMSO, n = 38; P4/E2, n = 66). ***p < 0.001. The data were presented as means ± S.E. The grey vertical lines represent S.E. The “n” values indicate the number of cells. Each data set is obtained from three repeats of independent experiments performed on different days. (g,h) Show two ex vivo female mouse reproductive tract preparations. The sample images were consequently acquired with 10 second intervals in either the standard Krebs solution or in Krebs solution supplemented with 1 μM phenylephrine. The images were captured from the Supplementary video #1, which is available online. Phenylephrine markedly reduced spontaneous uterine horn peristalsis in the ex vivo female mouse reproductive tract preparations (N = 5). “o” = oviduct; “v” = vagina; “uh” = uterine horn.