Table 3.

Maternal depression and the risk of obesity at 9 years (n=143) and chronic obesity (n=118)

	Obese at 9 years (mean ± SD or N/total [%])	Not obese at 9 years (mean ± SD or N/total [%])	P-value	Chronically obese1 (mean ± SD or N/total [%])	Not chronically obese (mean ± SD or N/total [%])	P-value
Depression
Clinical depression prenatal	3/53 [5.7]	7/90 [7.8]	0.752	2/38 [5.3]	5/79 [6.3]	1.002
Depression symptoms prenatal	15/53 [28]	32/90 [36]	0.37	7/29 [18]	29/79 [37]	0.045
Clinical depression 4-6 weeks	4/53 [7.6]	2/89 [2.3]	0.202	3/38 [7.9]	2/78 [2.6]	0.332
Depression symptoms 4-6 weeks	8/53 [15]	16/89 [18]	0.66	4/38 [11]	15/78 [19]	0.232
Clinical depression 6 months	3/43 [7.0]	9/79 [11]	0.542	1/35 [2.9]	8/71 [0.3]	0.272
Depression symptoms 6 months	7/43 [16]	17/81 [21]	0.53	2/35 [5.7]	16/73 [22]	0.0512
Chronic depression from perinatal to 6 months	5/53 [9.4]	2/90 [2.2]	0.102	2/38 [5.3]	2/79 [2.5]	0.602
Clinical depression 1 year	5/47 [11]	6/83 [7.2]	0.50	3/35 [8.6]	5/75 [6.7]	0.722
Depression symptoms 1 year	6/47 [13]	12/83 [14]	0.79	3/35 [8.6]	9/75 [12]	0.592
Clinical depression 3 years	5/49 [10]	5/85 [5.9]	0.36	5/38 [13]	5/76 [6.6]	0.24
Depression symptoms 3 years	10/48 [21]	17/86 [20]	0.88	8/37 [22]	16/77 [21]	0.92
Clinical depression 4 years	5/51 [9.8]	3/81 [3.7]	0.262	3/38 [7.9]	3/74 [4.1]	0.412
Depression symptoms 4 years	8/50 [16]	12/79 [15]	0.90	5/37 [14]	12/72 [17]	0.67
Clinical depression 5 years	6/48 [13]	4/82 [4.9]	0.172	5/37 [14]	4/76 [5.3]	0.132
Depression symptoms 5 years	11/48 [23]	11/81 [14]	0.17	10/37 [27]	9/76 [12]	0.04
Chronic depression symptoms from 3 to 5 years	5/50 [10]	4/87 [4.6]	0.292	4/38 [11]	4/78 [5.1]	0.282

¹Chronic obesity is defined as obesity at both age 5 and 9 years and no chronic obesity is defined as not being obese at either

²Fischer’s exact test