Table 3.

Differences in cognitive test performance: AD and NC groups, accounting for age, education, and gender

Cognitive domain	Cognitive test	NC participants (n = 198)	AD participants (n = 25)	ANCOVA, F-Statistic†	Cohen's d	Standardized β weights and sign
						Age (years)		Education (years)		Female versus male
Memory	CVLT-II long-delay free recall correct	10.3 (0.20)	1.3 (0.58)	67.32	3.21	−0.09	**	0.27	***	1.78	***
	CVLT-II short-delay free recall correct	9.6 (0.21)	1.6 (0.62)	46.18	2.65	−0.10	*	0.20	*	1.63	***
	BVMT-R delayed recall	7.7 (0.17)	2.0 (0.48)	43.49	2.44	−0.12	***	0.13	—	−0.15	—
Executive function	Trails B total seconds	112.1 (3.56)	230.7 (11.35)	40.49	2.38	3.19	***	−4.35	*	−6.72	—
Language	Semantic fluency (animals)	22.1 (0.32)	12.4 (0.92)	31.91	2.16	−0.13	*	0.30	*	0.96	—
Attention	Trails A total seconds	41.4 (1.84)	95.5 (5.32)	26.39	2.09	0.38	—	−0.80	—	−1.77	—
Language	MiNT	29.6 (0.18)	24.4 (0.52)	34.95	2.06	−0.07	*	0.06	—	−1.44	***
Visuospatial	Clock-drawing test	8.6 (0.11)	6.2 (0.32)	14.40	1.60	0.00	—	0.05	—	0.29	—
Language	Lexical fluency (total words)	36.1 (0.75)	25.6 (2.18)	8.08	0.99	−0.15	—	0.63	*	2.37	—
Executive function	Digit span backward	6.2 (0.13)	4.4 (0.37)	10.02	0.99	−0.05	*	0.06	—	−0.44	—
Visuospatial	BVMT-R copy accuracy	11.2 (0.08)	10.3 (0.23)	4.92	0.79	−0.02	—	0.04	—	0.20	—
Executive function	Digit span total	15.0 (0.23)	12.6 (0.65)	8.73	0.76	−0.10	—	0.15	—	−0.79	—
Attention	Digit span forward	8.8 (0.13)	8.2 (0.38)	4.38	0.33	−0.05	*	0.09	—	−0.35	—

Abbreviations: AD, Alzheimer's disease; ANCOVA, analysis of covariance; BVMT-R, Brief Visuospatial Memory Test–Revised; CVLT, California Verbal Learning Test; MiNT, Multilingual Naming Test; NC, cognitively healthy controls.

*P < .05; **P < .01; ***P < .001.

^†All P values <.001 for differences between AD and NC groups.