Table 3.
Included studies with cancer outcomes, by region
| Study | Country | Design | n | Quality | Sample | Exposure | Outcome | Highest Risk Group |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Africa |
||||||||
| Jordan et al (2013) [32] |
Tanzania |
Case-control |
345 |
Medium |
115 cases and 230 age- and district-matched controls |
Property Index |
Breast cancer |
Higher property level* (A) |
| Misganaw et al (2013) [33] |
Ethiopia |
Cross-sectional |
3,709 |
Medium |
Malignancy mortality data for 3709 adults (15 and older) who died in Addis Ababa between 2006 and 2009 (identified via burial surveillance) and whose families could be interviewed to determine cause of death |
Education |
Malignant neoplasm mortality |
Higher education† (A) |
| Parkin et al (2000) [34] |
Uganda |
Case-control |
194 |
High |
Cases included 50 adults and 132 children with histologically diagnosed lymphoma. Controls were adults with cancers unrelated to HIV and children with non-infectious diseases |
Education |
non-Hodgkin lymphoma |
Higher education |
| Aziz et al (2008) [35] |
Pakistan |
Cohort |
525 |
Medium |
525 patients with stage I-III breast cancer presenting to the Department of Oncology from January 1997 to December 2005 |
SES |
Event free survival in stage I-III breast cancer |
Lower SES‡ (A) |
| Overall survival in stage I-III breast cancer (n = 525) |
Lower SES† (A) |
|||||||
| Aziz et al (2010) [36] |
Pakistan |
Cohort |
237 |
High |
237 women undergoing multimodality treatment for locally advanced breast cancer (LABC) treated between Jan 200 and December 2005 at Jinnah Hospital Pakistan) |
SES |
Event-free survival in locally advanced breast cancer |
Lower SES* (A) |
| Overall survival in locally advanced breast cancer |
Lower SES |
|||||||
| Aziz et al. (2004) [37] |
Pakistan |
Cohort |
286 |
High |
286 patients with breast cancer recruited between 1996 and 1998 |
SES |
Breast cancer |
|
| Size of tumour (71) |
Low SES† |
|||||||
| Stage at diagnosis (I) |
Low SES† |
|||||||
| Mean number of lymph nodes positive |
Low SES |
|||||||
| Mean time elapsed before diagnosis (months) |
Low SES† |
|||||||
| Mean age at diagnosis (years) |
Low SES† |
|||||||
| Five year disease free survival |
Low SES‡ |
|||||||
| Five year overall survival |
Low SES† |
|||||||
| Chaouki et al (1998) [38] |
Morocco |
Case-control |
460 |
High |
245 cases and 215 controls from Rabat Morocco. Cases of invasive cervical cancer identified among first attendants at hospital. Cases were verified histologically. Controls identified at same hospital and in a nearby general hospital |
Education |
Cervical cancer |
Lower education‡ |
| Wealth (facilities at home) |
Fewer facilities at home‡ |
|||||||
| Income |
Lower family income‡ |
|||||||
| Khan et al (2015) [39] |
Pakistan |
Cross-sectional |
315 |
Low |
315 female patients from Oncology Institute in Islamabad |
Education |
Breast cancer presentation delay |
Lower education * |
| SES |
Lower SES* |
|||||||
| Bonilla et al (2010) [40] |
El Salvador |
Cohort |
886 |
High |
433 de novo acute lymphoblastic leukaemia patients 0-16 y of age, diagnosed between 2000 and 2007 |
Education (parent) |
Event free survival (standard risk patients) |
Lower education (parent)† (A) |
| Income |
Event free survival (High risk patients) |
Lower monthly income* (A) |
||||||
| Education (parent) |
Event free survival (standard risk patients) |
Lower education (parent) (A) |
||||||
| Income |
Event free survival (High risk patients) |
Lower monthly income (A) |
||||||
| Gavidia et al (2012) [41] |
El Salvador |
Cohort |
251 |
High |
251 children aged 0-16 y with newly diagnosed acute leukaemia treated at Benjamin Bloom hospital, San Salvador |
Mother's education |
Leukaemia patient outcome: Sepsis |
Mother illiterate* (A) |
| Father's education |
Father literate (A) |
|||||||
| Income |
Annual Household Income<US$ 2000 (A) |
|||||||
| Household Characteristics |
Clean water at home (A) |
|||||||
| Household Characteristics |
No toilet at home (A) |
|||||||
| Mother's education |
Leukaemia patient outcome: Infectious death |
Mother illiterate (A) |
||||||
| Father's education |
Father illiterate (A) |
|||||||
| Income |
Annual Household Income<$2000* (A) |
|||||||
| Household Characteristics |
No clean water at home (A) |
|||||||
| Household Characteristics |
No toilet at home (A) |
|||||||
| Gupta et al (2012) [42] |
El Salvador, Honduras, Guatemala |
Cohort |
279 |
High |
279 patients younger than 21 y diagnosed with AML from 2000 to 2008 in El Salvador, Honduras or Guatemala |
Monthly purchasing power units |
Leukaemia: treatment-related mortality |
Higher Purchasing Power (A) |
| Education (parent) |
Higher education (A) |
|||||||
| Ali et al (2008) [43] |
India |
Cross-sectional |
522 |
Medium |
Breast cancer patients from Kerala or Tamil Nadu visiting a regional cancer centre |
SES |
Late stage diagnosis of breast cancer (stages III and IV) |
Lower SES (A) |
| Education (parent) |
Illiterate* (A) |
|||||||
| Burkart et al (2011) [44] |
Bangladesh |
Cross-sectional |
21,551 |
Medium |
Mortality data (n = 21 551) from the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics for period from 2002 to 2007, using a sample comprised of 1000 primary sample units in rural and urban areas. Deaths recorded by officials quarterly and then verified through field visits |
SES (of region) |
Deaths attributable to cancer |
High SES region |
| Chankapa et al (2011) [45] |
India |
Cross-sectional |
968 |
Medium |
968 adult women aged 15-60 y |
Education |
Cervical cancer: Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion |
Illiterate |
| Monthly family income |
Cervical cancer: High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion |
Lower income |
||||||
| Dutta et al (2005) [2] |
India |
Cohort |
121 |
Medium |
Between 1994 and 2001, 121 patients diagnosed with gallbladder cancer were evaluated prospectively in the gastroenterology services of two hospitals |
SES |
Age of diagnosis for gallbladder cancer |
Low SES* (A) |
| Gajalakshmi et al (1997) [3] |
India |
Cohort |
1747 |
High |
1747 patients registered at population based cancer registry (part of national network) (inclusion criteria: follow up data available) |
Education |
Five year breast cancer survival (% by education level) |
Illiterate* (A) |
| Mostert et al (2012) [46] |
Indonesia |
Cohort |
143 |
High |
145 patients diagnosed with a malignancy at academic hospital (Inclusion criteria required age to be between 0-16 y with newly diagnosed malignancy |
Hospital class, insurance status |
Childhood cancer (Abandonment of treatment) |
Poor† |
| Childhood cancer (Event-free survival) |
Poor† |
|||||||
| Patil et al (2014) [47] |
India |
Case-control |
380 |
High |
141 cases of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and 240 controls with chronic liver disease (age 18-70), seeking treatment at two centres in Mumbai |
Income |
Hepatocellular carcinoma |
Higher income* |
| Sankaranarayanan et al (1995) [48] |
India |
Cohort |
452 |
High |
Cervical cancer cases (age 35-65) registered from 1 January to 31 December |
SES |
5 y survival from cervical cancer |
Low SES* (A) |
| Ngaon et al (2001) [49] |
Vietnam |
Cross-sectional |
5034 |
Medium |
5034 patients with cervical cancer treated in the Central Oncology of Ho Chi Minh City from Nov. 1989-Nov 1994 |
Education |
Cervical cancer |
Illiterate* |
| Lan et al (2013) [50] |
Vietnam |
Cohort |
948 |
High |
5034 patients with cervical cancer treated in the Central Oncology of Ho Chi Minh City from Nov. 1989-Nov 1994 |
Education |
Survival probability following diagnosis of breast cancer |
Lower education* (A) |
| Survival probability following diagnosis of breast cancer (Extended Cox model assessing effect) |
Lower education* (A) |
|||||||
| Xin et al (2014) [51] | Mongolia | Cross-sectional | 643 | Medium | 643 deaths | Education | Years of life lost (YLL) due to colorectal cancer and average years of life lost (AYLL) due to colorectal cancer in each region | Higher education† |
A – adjusted, y – years, SES – socio-economic status
*<0.05.
†<0.01.
‡<0.001.