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. 2018 Jul 4;2018:9276260. doi: 10.1155/2018/9276260

Table 3.

Total phenolic content (TPC) of C. nutans.

Extract Plant part Pre- or post-harvesting method Plant origin Results of TPC Extract with highest TPC Extract with lowest TPC Reference
Hot water - Oven dry; Heating at 90°C Malaysia 14.70 ± 0.08 mg GAE/g DM - - [37]
Hot water Leaf Unfermented and fermented; Microwave-oven dry, freeze dry; Hot boiling water (100°C); Infusion for 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, and 20 min Sabah Malaysia 88.56 ± 4.40 to 177.80 ± 19.10 mg TAE/L Unfermented-microwave oven-20 min infusion Fermented-freeze dry-1 min infusion [36]
Distilled water Leaf Combination of air dry and oven dry; Maceration with shaker-0.5, 1, 3, 5, 24 h Thailand 26.53 ± 8.83 to 46.71 ± 9.31 mg GAE/g DW Maceration for 1 h Maceration for 5 h [60]
Hot water (70°C), water, methanol, 80% methanol, ethyl acetate, hexane Leaf, stem Freeze dry; Sonication Seremban Malaysia 23.15 ± 2.78 to 73.33 ± 12.18 mg GAE/g extract 80% methanol leaf Hexane stem [42]
Hot distilled water, cold distilled water, methanol, ethanol, dichloromethane Leaf Orbital shaker Seremban Malaysia 24.57 ± 0.07 to 48.08 ± 0.04 mg GAE/g DW extract Cold distilled water Ethanol [18]
100% Methanol Leaf Maceration Seremban Malaysia 1.77 ± 0.01 mg GAE/g extract - - [6]
100% Methanol Leaf Air dry; Maceration Seremban Malaysia 0.78 ± 0.01 mg GAE/g DW extract at stock: 10 mg/mL - - [24]
Methanol Leaf, stem Oven dry; Sonication Seremban Malaysia 0.12 and 2.68 mg GAE/g DW sample Leaf Stem [61]
Methanol Leaf Air dry; Orbital shaker Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam 8.29 to 72.16 mg GAE/g DW extract Chiang Dao, Thailand Map Khae, Thialand [18]
Methanol Leaf Oven dry 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 100°C; Orbital shaker Seremban Malaysia 22.44 ± 0.03 to 63.31 ± 0.03 mg GAE/g DW extract Oven dry at 100°C Oven dry at 40°C [18]
Methanol Leaf, bud 1, 6 and 12 months old; Freeze dry; Shaking Serdang Malaysia 6.840 ± 0.470 to 15.460 ± 1.231 mg/g DW 6-month-old buds 1-month-old buds [41]
Polar (methanol and dichloromethane), non-polar (hexane and diethyl ether) Leaf, stem Soaking Pahang Malaysia 1.43 ± 0.1 to 7.99 ± 0.6 mg GAE/g DM Leaf-polar Stem-non polar [62]
Methanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform, hexane fraction - Sonication Malaysia 22.17 ± 0.02 to 119.29 ± 0.07 mg GAE/g DW Chloroform Ethyl acetate [35]
100% Ethanol Leaf Maceration Thailand 4.67 ± 3.60 mg GAE/g wet weight sample - - [63]
100%, 86%, 65%, 50%, 44% Ethanol Aerial Oven dry; MAE, p-MAE, SFE, soxhlet extraction KL Malaysia 5.74 ± 0.29 to 14.56 ± 0.77 mg GAE/g DM p-MAE in 50% ethanol MAE in 86% ethanol [30]
70% Ethanol Leaf Freeze dry; Sonication Perak Malaysia 23.5 mg GAE/g DM - - [64]
70% Ethanol Leaf, Stem Freeze dry, oven dry, air dry; Sonication, soaking Seremban Malaysia 1.04 ± 0.02 to 7.29 ± 0.11 mg GAE/g DW sample Leaf-Air dry-Sonication Stem-Freeze dry-Soaking [4]
- Stem Air dry; CO2-Soxhlet, Maceration Seremban
Malaysia
CO2-Soxhlet: 49.45 mg GAE/g DM, Maceration: 7.54 mg GAE/g DM - - [28]
80% Ethanol Leaf, stem Young and mature; Stored for 1, 2, 3, and 4 days Malaysia Maturity: 60.75 to 117.00 mg GAE/100 g fresh sample 
Storage duration: 71.08 to 140.92 mg GAE/100 g fresh sample
Maturity
young leaf 
Storage
1 day storage
Maturity
matured stem 
Storage
4 days storage
[38]

KL: Kuala Lumpur.

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