Table 3.
Extract | Plant part | Pre- or post-harvesting method | Plant origin | Results of TPC | Extract with highest TPC | Extract with lowest TPC | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hot water | - | Oven dry; Heating at 90°C | Malaysia | 14.70 ± 0.08 mg GAE/g DM | - | - | [37] |
Hot water | Leaf | Unfermented and fermented; Microwave-oven dry, freeze dry; Hot boiling water (100°C); Infusion for 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, and 20 min | Sabah Malaysia | 88.56 ± 4.40 to 177.80 ± 19.10 mg TAE/L | Unfermented-microwave oven-20 min infusion | Fermented-freeze dry-1 min infusion | [36] |
Distilled water | Leaf | Combination of air dry and oven dry; Maceration with shaker-0.5, 1, 3, 5, 24 h | Thailand | 26.53 ± 8.83 to 46.71 ± 9.31 mg GAE/g DW | Maceration for 1 h | Maceration for 5 h | [60] |
Hot water (70°C), water, methanol, 80% methanol, ethyl acetate, hexane | Leaf, stem | Freeze dry; Sonication | Seremban Malaysia | 23.15 ± 2.78 to 73.33 ± 12.18 mg GAE/g extract | 80% methanol leaf | Hexane stem | [42] |
Hot distilled water, cold distilled water, methanol, ethanol, dichloromethane | Leaf | Orbital shaker | Seremban Malaysia | 24.57 ± 0.07 to 48.08 ± 0.04 mg GAE/g DW extract | Cold distilled water | Ethanol | [18] |
100% Methanol | Leaf | Maceration | Seremban Malaysia | 1.77 ± 0.01 mg GAE/g extract | - | - | [6] |
100% Methanol | Leaf | Air dry; Maceration | Seremban Malaysia | 0.78 ± 0.01 mg GAE/g DW extract at stock: 10 mg/mL | - | - | [24] |
Methanol | Leaf, stem | Oven dry; Sonication | Seremban Malaysia | 0.12 and 2.68 mg GAE/g DW sample | Leaf | Stem | [61] |
Methanol | Leaf | Air dry; Orbital shaker | Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam | 8.29 to 72.16 mg GAE/g DW extract | Chiang Dao, Thailand | Map Khae, Thialand | [18] |
Methanol | Leaf | Oven dry 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 100°C; Orbital shaker | Seremban Malaysia | 22.44 ± 0.03 to 63.31 ± 0.03 mg GAE/g DW extract | Oven dry at 100°C | Oven dry at 40°C | [18] |
Methanol | Leaf, bud | 1, 6 and 12 months old; Freeze dry; Shaking | Serdang Malaysia | 6.840 ± 0.470 to 15.460 ± 1.231 mg/g DW | 6-month-old buds | 1-month-old buds | [41] |
Polar (methanol and dichloromethane), non-polar (hexane and diethyl ether) | Leaf, stem | Soaking | Pahang Malaysia | 1.43 ± 0.1 to 7.99 ± 0.6 mg GAE/g DM | Leaf-polar | Stem-non polar | [62] |
Methanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform, hexane fraction | - | Sonication | Malaysia | 22.17 ± 0.02 to 119.29 ± 0.07 mg GAE/g DW | Chloroform | Ethyl acetate | [35] |
100% Ethanol | Leaf | Maceration | Thailand | 4.67 ± 3.60 mg GAE/g wet weight sample | - | - | [63] |
100%, 86%, 65%, 50%, 44% Ethanol | Aerial | Oven dry; MAE, p-MAE, SFE, soxhlet extraction | KL Malaysia | 5.74 ± 0.29 to 14.56 ± 0.77 mg GAE/g DM | p-MAE in 50% ethanol | MAE in 86% ethanol | [30] |
70% Ethanol | Leaf | Freeze dry; Sonication | Perak Malaysia | 23.5 mg GAE/g DM | - | - | [64] |
70% Ethanol | Leaf, Stem | Freeze dry, oven dry, air dry; Sonication, soaking | Seremban Malaysia | 1.04 ± 0.02 to 7.29 ± 0.11 mg GAE/g DW sample | Leaf-Air dry-Sonication | Stem-Freeze dry-Soaking | [4] |
- | Stem | Air dry; CO2-Soxhlet, Maceration | Seremban Malaysia |
CO2-Soxhlet: 49.45 mg GAE/g DM, Maceration: 7.54 mg GAE/g DM | - | - | [28] |
80% Ethanol | Leaf, stem | Young and mature; Stored for 1, 2, 3, and 4 days | Malaysia |
Maturity: 60.75 to 117.00 mg GAE/100 g fresh sample Storage duration: 71.08 to 140.92 mg GAE/100 g fresh sample |
Maturity young leaf Storage 1 day storage |
Maturity matured stem Storage 4 days storage |
[38] |
KL: Kuala Lumpur.