Table 6.

HPLC quantification of C. nutans.

Sample details	Stationary phase	Mobile phase	Detector; Wavelength	Flow rate (mL/min)	Elution method	Standard for Quantification	The corresponding concentration	Reference
Hot water; Oven dry	Thermo Scientific  ODS Hypersil  (5 μm, 100 × 4.6 mm)	Water with acetic acid (pH 2.74), acetonitrile	UV;  272–370 nm	0.8	Gradient	Gallic acid, catechin, caffeic acid, quercetin	0.25 ± 0.01 μg/mg of dried sample	[43]
Leaf; Taiping (Perak), Kota Tinggi (Johor), Sendayan (Negeri Sembilan); Ethanolic; Oven dry, Sonication	Kinetex Pentafluoro-phenyl (PFP)  (5 μm, 250 × 4.6 mm)	Water with 0.8% (v/v) glacial acetic acid, acetonitrile	UV-Vis/DAD;  330 nm	0.7	Gradient	Shaftoside, orientin, isovitexin, vitexin	17.43 ± 0.01 mmol/g	[23]
Buds, Leaf; 1, 6 and 12 months old; Methanol; Freeze dry	C18  (5 μm, 250 × 4.6 mm)	0.03 M ortho-phosphoric acid, methanol	UV-Vis;  260–360 nm	1.0	Gradient	Catechin, kaempferol, luteoli 7-O-β-D-glucoside, quercetin, gallic acid monohydrate, caffeic acid	5.963 ± 0.545 mg/g DW	[41]
Aerial; 86% ethanol; Oven dry; MAE, p-MAE, SFE	Symmetry C18  (5 μm, 150 × 4.6 mm)	Methanol, 2-propanol	UV-ELSD; 210 nm	0.7	Isocratic	β -sitosterol	0.83 ± 0.10 mg/g DM	[30]
Leaf; Hot water, water, 80% methanol; Freeze dry; Sonication	LUNA C18  (5 mm, 250 × 4.6 mm)	Water with 6% acetic acid (pH 2.27), acetonitrile	DAD;  320 nm	0.5	Gradient	Cinnamic acid, protocatechuic acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid, p-coumaric, chlorogenic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid	33.28 mg/g extract	[42]
Leaf, Aqueous, 80% methanol; Sonication	LUNA C18  (5 mm, 250 × 4.6 mm)	Water with 6% acetic acid (pH 2.27), acetonitrile	DAD;  320 nm	0.5	Gradient	Cinnamic acid, protocatechuic acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid, p-coumaric, chlorogenic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid	33.38 ± 0.31 mg/g extract	[39]

The text in bold word indicated that particular extract has the highest concentration of the particular standard.