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. 2018 Jul 4;2018:9276260. doi: 10.1155/2018/9276260

(a) Pharmacological activity: antivenom

Experiment design 
(Experiment model; Venom; Assay; Test subject)
Extract Plant part Plant Source Extract dose; Route of administration Result Reference
in vitro; Heterometrus laoticus scorpion venom; Pre-incubated extract with 0.2 μg/μL venom-Cell lytic test incubated for 30 min; CEFs Water Leaf Thailand 0.706, 0.406 mg/mL Extract at 0.706 mg/mL give 46.51% of efficiency but the cytotoxic of extract is questionable [65]
in vitro; Apis mellifera Linn. bee venom; Pre-incubated extract with 0.6 μg/μL venom-Cell lytic test incubated for 30 min; CEFs Water, 90% and 50% ethanol Leaf Thailand 0.706, 0.406 mg/mL Ineffective [66]
in vivo; Laticauda colubrine snake venom; Mice and Mongrel dog Water; Maceration Leaf Sarawak 
Malaysia
6 mg/kg per mouse (i.p), 20 mg/kg per dog (i.v) Ineffective [7]
in vivo; Naja naja siamensis snake venom; Isolated rat phrenic-nerve diaphragm preparations; Mice Water Leaf Thailand p.o, i.p Ineffective [5]
in vivo; Snake venom; Mice Water Leaf Thailand - Reduce mortality rate from 100% to 63 ± 3.34% [67]
in vivo; Snake venom; Mice 95% alcohol Leaf Thailand 2000 mg/kg; i.v, i.p, p.o Ineffective [67]

CEFs: Chick embryo fibroblasts.