A Comprehensive Review on Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities of Clinacanthus nutans (Burm.f.) Lindau

. 2018 Jul 4;2018:9276260. doi: 10.1155/2018/9276260

(d) Pharmacological activity: immunomodulating effect

Experiment design (Experiment model; Assay; Incubation period; Test subject; Extract dose; Positive control)	Extract	Plant part	Plant Source	Result	Reference
in vitro; with and without fMLP induced Chemotaxis and Chemokinesis; 45 min; Human neutrophils; 0.1–100 μg/mL; Indomethacin (0.01–100 μg/mL, IC₅₀: 56.3 ± 3.5 ng/ml)	Methanol; Air dry; Percolation	Whole plant	Thailand	Chemotaxis: With fMLP induction, IC₅₀: 2.7 ± 0.6 μg/mL, Without fMLP, IC₅₀: >100 μg/mL Chemokinesis: With fMLP induction, IC₅₀: 5.5 ± 0.6 μg/mL, Without fMLP, IC₅₀: 5.0 ± 0.5 μg/mL	[70]
in vitro; Apoptosis assessment via morphological, flow cytometry-Annexin V binding; 20 h; Human neutrophils; 10–500 μg/mL; Dexamethasone (1 μM, inhibited 54.5% neutrophil apoptosis)	Methanol; Air dry; Percolation	Whole plant	Thailand	No significant effect on neutrophil apoptosis	[70]
in vitro; ConA & LPS-induced IL-10 & TNF-α expression-Real time PCR analysis; 16 h; PBMC; 1.56 mg/mL	Methanol; Oven dry; Maceration	Leaf, Stem	Chiang Mai Thailand	Reduce IL-10 mRNA expression, no modulating effect on TNF-α mRNA expression	[72]
in vitro; IFN-γ expression Splenocyte from ovalbumin-primed BALB/c mice	80% Ethanol; Air dry; Soaking	Aerial	Taichung Taiwan	0.1 μg/mL: upregulation of IFN-γ. 100 μg/mL: down-regulation of IFN-γ	[52]
in vitro; HaCaT; IFN-γ/TNF-α-induced apoptosis- MTT assay; 1 and 100 μg/mL	Ethanol; Maceration	Leaf	Thailand	Significantly (p < 0.05) suppressed keratinocytes apoptosis	[63]
in vitro; Lymphocyte proliferation assay-³H- thymidine-radioactivity; 72 h; HBMC; 0.5–5000 μg/mL	Ethanol; Soxhlet	Leaf	Thailand	0.5–5 μg/mL cause proliferation increase, 2.5, 5 mg/mL cause proliferation decrease	[73]
in vitro; NK activity-K562 as target cell-cytotoxicity assay; 72 h; HBMC; 0.5–5000 μg/mL	Ethanol; Soxhlet	Leaf	Thailand	1 and 5 mg/mL-cause NK activity decrease	[73]
in vitro; IL-2 production-ELISA; 72 h; HBMC; 0.5–5000 μg/mL	Ethanol; Soxhlet	Leaf	Thailand	undetectable IL-2	[73]
in vitro; IL-4 production-ELISA; 72 h; HBMC; 0.5–5000 μg/mL	Ethanol; Soxhlet	Leaf	Thailand	2.5 and 5 mg/mL-increase IL4 production	[73]
in vitro; Lymphocyte subpopulation-flow cytometry assay; 72 h; HBMC; 0.5–5000 μg/mL	Ethanol; Soxhlet	Leaf	Thailand	no change in the percentages of CD3⁺, CD4⁺, CD8⁺, CD16⁺/CD56⁺ and CD19⁺ cells	[73]