(i) Pharmacological activity: Anti-microbial-anti-bacterial
| Experiment design (Experiment model; Bacteria strain; Assay) |
Extract | Plant part | Plant Source | Extract dose; Positive control | Result | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| in vitro; A. hydrophila; Agar dilution assay | Ethanol; Soxhlet | - | Thailand | 0 to 10.0 mg/mL | MIC: >10 mg/mL | [99] |
| in vitro; B. cereus; Disc diffusion assay | 70% Methanol; Air dry; Soxhlet | Leaf | Perak Malaysia |
25, 50 and 100 mg/mL; Ciprofloxacin |
At 100 mg/mL: 15.00 ± 1.00 mm | [22] |
| in vitro; B. cereus; Microdilution assay | Methanol; Maceration | Leaf | Seremban Malaysia | 0.1 to 12.5 mg/mL; Erythromycin, chloramphenicol | MIC: >12.5 mg/mL | [6] |
| in vitro; B. cereus; Microdilution assay | Ethyl acetate and its fraction; Oven dry; Soaking | Leaf, stem | Taiping Malaysia | 0.08 to 5 mg/mL (final); Ampicillin | MIC: Ethyl acetate: 6.31 mg/mL, F7: 1.39 mg/mL |
[88] |
| in vitro; B. subtilis; Light mediated disk diffusion assay | 95% Ethanol; Soaking | Leaf | Thailand | 5 mg/mL; Gentamycin | Ineffective | [89] |
| in vitro; E. coli; Microdilution assay | Hot water; Oven dry | - | Malaysia | 0.4 to 50.0 mg/mL (final); Ampicillin | MIC: >50 mg/mL | [43] |
| in vitro; E. coli; Disc diffusion assay | 70% Methanol; Air dry; Soxhlet | Leaf | Perak | 25, 50 and 100 mg/ml; Ciprofloxacin |
At 100 mg/ml: 17.00 ± 2.00 mm | [22] |
| in vitro; E. coli; Microdilution assay | Methanol; Maceration | Leaf | Seremban Malaysia | 0.1 to 12.5 mg/mL; Erythromycin, chloramphenicol | MIC: 12.5 mg/mL | [6] |
| in vitro; E. coli; Microdilution assay | Ethyl acetate and its fraction; Oven dry; Soaking | Leaf, stem | Taiping Malaysia | 0.08 to 5 mg/mL (final); Ampicillin | MIC: Ethyl acetate: >100 mg/mL, F7: 1.39 mg/mL |
[88] |
| in vitro; E. coli DC10; Light mediated disk diffusion assay | 95% Ethanol; Soaking | Leaf | Thailand | 5 mg/mL; Gentamycin | Ineffective | [89] |
| in vitro; E. coli (wild); Light mediated disk diffusion assay | 95% Ethanol; Soaking | Leaf | Thailand | 5 mg/mL; Gentamycin | Ineffective | [89] |
| in vitro; M. luteus; Microdilution assay | Hot water; Oven dry | - | Malaysia | 0.4 to 50.0 mg/mL (final); Ampicillin | MIC: >50 mg/mL | [43] |
| in vitro; MRSA; Disc diffusion assay, microdilution assay | Ethanol; Oven dry; Maceration | - | Thailand | 5 mg/mL | No detected inhibition zone, MIC and MBC: >5 mg/mL | [100] |
| in vitro; MSSA K147; Light mediated disk diffusion assay | 95% Ethanol; Soaking | Leaf | Thailand | 5 mg/mL; Gentamycin | Ineffective | [89] |
| in vitro; N. gonorrhoeae & 11 clinical isolates; Disc diffusion | Methanol; Maceration | Leaf | Thailand | 44 mg/mL (final); Norfloxacin | Ineffective | [101] |
| in vitro; P. acnes; Microdilution assay | Methanol; Maceration | Leaf | Seremban Malaysia | 0.1 to 12.5 mg/mL; Erythromycin, chloramphenicol | MIC: >12.5 mg/mL | [6] |
| in vitro; P. acnes; Disc diffusion, microdilution assay | Ethanol; Maceration | Aerial | Thailand | Mangostin | MIC and MBC: >5 mg/mL | [102] |
| in vitro; P. aeruginosa; Microdilution assay | Hot water; Oven dry | - | Malaysia | 0.4 to 50.0 mg/mL (final); Ampicillin | MIC: >50 mg/mL | [43] |
| in vitro; P. aeruginosa; Disc diffusion assay | 70% Methanol; Air dry; Soxhlet | Leaf | Perak | 25, 50 and 100 mg/ml; Ciprofloxacin |
At 100 mg/ml: 13.00 ± 1.00 mm | [22] |
| in vitro; P. aeruginosa 187 (wild); Light mediated disk diffusion assay | 95% Ethanol; Soaking | Leaf | Thailand | 5 mg/mL; Gentamycin | Ineffective | [89] |
| in vitro; S. aureus; Microdilution assay | Hot water; Oven dry | - | Malaysia | 0.4 to 50.0 mg/mL (final); Ampicillin | MIC: >50 mg/mL | [43] |
| in vitro; S. aureus; Disc diffusion assay | 70% Methanol; Air dry; Soxhlet | Leaf | Perak | 25, 50 and 100 mg/ml; Ciprofloxacin |
At 100 mg/mL: 26.67 ± 3.51 mm | [22] |
| in vitro; S. aureus; Microdilution assay | Methanol; Maceration | Leaf | Seremban Malaysia | 0.1 to 12.5 mg/mL; Erythromycin, chloramphenicol | MIC: 12.5 mg/mL | [6] |
| in vitro; S. aureus; Disc diffusion assay, microdilution assay | Methanol; Sun dry; Maceration | Aerial | Vietnam | 125–1000 mg/mL; Erythromycin (10–50 μg/μL) | 16.67 mm inhibition zone, MIC: 62.5 mg/mL | [49] |
| in vitro; S. aureus; Disc diffusion assay, microdilution assay | Ethanol; Oven dry; Maceration | - | Thailand | 5 mg/mL | No detected inhibition zone, MIC: 5 mg/mL, MBC: >5 mg/mL | [100] |
| in vitro; S. enterica serovar Paratyphi C; Disc diffusion assay | Distilled water, 70% ethanol, absolute ethanol, chloroform | Leaf | Malaysia | - | Showed inhibition zone | [26] |
| in vitro; S. enterica serovar Paratyphi B; Disc diffusion assay | Distilled water, 70% ethanol, absolute ethanol, chloroform | Leaf | Malaysia | - | Chloroform: a larger inhibition zone compare to other solvents. | [26] |
| in vitro; S. enterica serovar Typhi; Disc diffusion assay | Distilled water, 70% ethanol, absolute ethanol, chloroform | Leaf | Malaysia | - | Least inhibition zone | [26] |
| in vitro; S. enterica serovar Typhimurium; Disc diffusion assay | Distilled water, 70% ethanol, absolute ethanol, chloroform | Leaf | Malaysia | - | Showed inhibition zone | [26] |
| in vitro; S. enterica Typhimurium; Disc diffusion, microdilution assay | Methanol; Sun dry; Maceration | Aerial | Vietnam | 125–1000 mg/mL; Erythromycin (10–50 μg/μL) | 15.67 mm inhibition zone, MIC: 125 mg/mL | [49] |
| in vitro; S. enterica Typhimurium; Microdilution assay | Ethyl acetate and its fraction; Oven dry; Soaking | Leaf, stem | Taiping Malaysia | 0.08 to 5 mg/mL (final); Ampicillin | MIC: Ethyl acetate: >100 mg/mL, F7: 1.39 mg/mL |
[88] |
| in vitro; S. enterica serovar Weltevreden; Disc diffusion assay | Distilled water, 70% ethanol, absolute ethanol, chloroform | Leaf | Malaysia | - | Showed inhibition zone | [26] |
| in vitro; S. epidermidis; Microdilution assay | Methanol; Maceration | Leaf | Seremban Malaysia | 0.1 to 12.5 mg/mL; Erythromycin, chloramphenicol | MIC: >12.5 mg/mL | [6] |
| in vitro; S. epidermidis; Disc diffusion, microdilution assays | Ethanol; Maceration | Aerial | Thailand | Mangostin | MIC and MBC: >5 mg/mL | [102] |
| in vitro; S. epidermidis; Disc diffusion, microdilution assays | Ethanol; Oven dry; Maceration | - | Thailand | 5 mg/mL | No detected inhibition zone, MIC and MBC: 5 mg/mL | [100] |
| in vitro; Streptococcus sp.; Agar dilution assay | Ethanol; Soxhlet | - | Thailand | 0 to 10.0 mg/mL | MIC: >10 mg/mL | [99] |
| in vitro; V. harveyi; Agar dilution assay | Ethanol; Soxhlet | - | Thailand | 0 to 10.0 mg/mL | MIC: >10 mg/mL | [99] |
| in vitro; V. paraliaemolyticlls; Agar dilution assay | Ethanol; Soxhlet | - | Thailand | 0 to 10.0 mg/mL | MIC: >10 mg/mL | [99] |