. 2018 Jul 4;2018:9589208. doi: 10.1155/2018/9589208

Table 4.

Other significant risk factors for typhoid fever identified in reviewed papers.

Study Site	Risk Category	Exposure factor	AOR (95% CI; p-value if any)	Source
Dushanbe, Tajikistan	Water storage and handling	Unboiled water	6.5 (3.0 – 24.0; p < 0.05)^∗	[11]
Dushanbe, Tajikistan	Food handling and consumption	Eating food obtained from street vendor	2.9 (1.4 – 7.2; p < 0.05)^∗	[11]

Kathmandu, Nepal	Socio-economic	Household monthly income < US$125	2.55 (1.1 – 6.0; p < 0.05)	[12]
	Hygiene & sanitary	Household latrine	8.52 (1.8 – 40.1; p < 0.05)
	Water storage & handling	Water stored after collection	3.09 (1.2 – 8.1; p < 0.05)
	Water storage & handling	Eaten street food < 2 weeks	2.34 (1.4 – 4.0; p < 0.05)

West Bengal, India	Food handling and consumption	Food from sweet shop	6.2 (2.4 – 2.2)^∗∗	[19]
	Socio-economic	Monthly family income < 1500	6 (1.3 – 26.8)
	Socio-economic	INR (eqvt. US$ 34)	6 (1.3 – 26.8)
	Living condition	Household > 4 members	4.2 (1.7 – 11.1)
	Living condition	Anyone ill in neighborhood	2.5 (1.2–5.2)
	Food handling and consumption	Eating of Paratha (flatbread in layers)	2.1 (0.87–5.3)

Neapolitan Area, Italy	Food handling and consumption	Any raw Shellfish	13.3 (5.5 – 32.8; p < 0.05)^∗∗	[14]
	Food handling and consumption	Raw Oysters	9.3 (1.7 – 67.3; p < 0.05)^∗∗
	Food handling and consumption	Raw Mussels	8.9 (3.9 – 21.1; p < 0.05)^∗∗
	Food handling and consumption	Raw Hen Clams	8.1 (2.8 – 23.7; p < 0.05)^∗∗
	Food handling and consumption	Raw Sea Truffles	6.4 (1.4 – 32.9; p < 0.05)^∗∗

Madaya Township, Myanmar	Living condition	Contact with typhoid patient	10.9 (2.0-79.7)	[15]

Son La Province, Northern Vietnam	Socio-economic	Being uneducated	2.0 (1.0 – 3.7; p = 0.03)	[16]
Son La Province, Northern Vietnam	Living condition	Contact with typhoid patient	3.3 (1.7 – 6.2; p < 0.05)	[16]

Samarkand Oblast, Uzbekistan	Socio-economic	Student as primary occupation	4.0 (1.4 – 11.3; p < 0.05)	[18]
Samarkand Oblast, Uzbekistan	Socio-economic	Taken antimicrobials in 2 weeks before illness onset	12.2 (4.0 – 37.0; p < 0.05)	[18]

Darjeeling, West Bengal, India	Food handling and consumption	Eating raw cabbage	2.8 (1.7-4.8)^∗	[19]
	Water storage & handling	Scooping water from a container with a cup	2.5 (1.3-4.7)^∗
	Food handling and consumption	Consumption of butter	2.3 (1.3-4.1)^∗
	Food handling and consumption	Consumption of Yoghurt	2.3 (1.4-3.7)^∗
	Food handling and consumption	Eating unwashed grapes	2.2 (1.3-4.0)^∗
	Food handling and consumption	Eating raw onion	2.1 (1.2-3.9)^∗
	Food handling and consumption	Eating raw carrot	2.1 (1.2-3.9)^∗

Dhaka slum, Kamalapur, Bangladesh	Water storage & handling	Consumption of foul-smelling water	7.4 (2.1 – 25.4; p = 0.002)	[20]
Dhaka slum, Kamalapur, Bangladesh	Food handling and consumption	Consumption of unwashed Papaya	5.2 (1.2 – 22.2; p = 0.03)	[20]

Karachi, Pakistan		Taken antimicrobials in 2 weeks prior to illness	3.0 (1.4 – 6.5)	[21]
	Food handling and consumption	Eating at restaurant between July and August	2.7 (1.1-6.6; p = 0.01)^∗
	Food handling and consumption	Eating at road side cabin between July and August	2.4 (1.0-5.6; p = 0.03)^∗
	Food handling and consumption	Eating out >1 per week between July and August	2.3 (1.0-5.2; p = 0.02)^∗
	Food handling and consumption	Eating ice cream	1.7 (1.0-3.1; p = 0.03)^∗
	Food handling and consumption	Eating a commercial brand of ice cream	1.6 (1.0-2.9; p = 0.04)^∗

Semarang, Indonesia	Hygiene & sanitation	Never or sometimes washing hands before eating	3.97 1.22-12.93; p = 0.022)	[22]
	Hygiene & sanitation	Open sewage system or no drainage system in house	7.19 (1.33-38.82; p = 0.022)
	Socio-economic	Being unemployed or part-time jobber	31.3 (3.08-317.4; p = 0.036)

Mekong Delta, Vietnam	Living condition	Recent contact with typhoid fever case	4.3 (1.4-13.4; p = 0.04)	[17]
Mekong Delta, Vietnam	Socio-economic	Low economic level	2.5 (1.3-5.1; p = 0.01)	[17]

River Seine, Paris, France		Eating chicken on boat	2.0 (0.3 – 13.7)^#	[28]
River Seine, Paris, France		Eating rice on boat	2.9 (0.4 – 19.8)^#	[28]

Eastern Kolkata, India		Using latrine in-house latrine for defecation	5.32 (p = 0.9)	[29]

Karachi, Pakistan		Living in densely populated area	2.43 (1.27 – 4.64; p = 0.01)	[30]

^∧Frozen mamey pulp imported from Guatemala used in fruit shake

^∧∧Cig Kofte is a traditional raw food made from raw meat rolled in a ball form

^∗MOR – Matched odds ratio

^∗∗OR – Odds ratio

^#RR – Relative risk ratio.