Table 4. Childhood predictors of loneliness in young adulthood.
| Distribution | Association with age-18 loneliness β (95% CI) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Adjusted within domain | Final model | ||
| Family environment | M (SD) | |||
| Maternal warmth | 3.27 (1.00) | -0.03 (-0.08, 0.02) | ||
| % (N) | ||||
| Maternal depression | 35.01 (780) | 0.05 (-0.00, 0.10) | ||
| Parental antisocial behaviour | 27.58 (614) | -0.01 (-0.06, 0.04) | ||
| Domestic violence | 42.29 (938) | -0.02 (-0.07, 0.04) | ||
| Child characteristics | M (SD) | |||
| IQ | 100 (15.00) | -0.04 (-0.09, 0.01) | ||
| Theory of mind | 4.52 (3.28) | -0.08 (-0.13, -0.04) | -0.08 (-0.12, -0.03) | -0.04 (-0.08, 0.01) |
| Openness to experience | 4.31 (2.76) | 0.03 (-0.02, 0.08) | ||
| Conscientiousness | 8.52 (3.23) | -0.01 (-0.06, 0.05) | ||
| Extraversion | 8.28 (3.54) | -0.03 (-0.08, 0.02) | ||
| Agreeableness | 8.94 (1.70) | -0.03 (-0.09, 0.03) | ||
| Neuroticism | 2.08 (1.84) | 0.13 (0.08, 0.18) | 0.13 (0.08, 0.18) | 0.07 (0.02, 0.12) |
| Child mental health | ||||
| Depression symptoms | 3.11 (5.32) | 0.23 (0.18, 0.29) | 0.19 (0.13, 0.25) | 0.16 (0.10, 0.22) |
| Anxiety symptoms | 7.62 (3.04) | 0.17 (0.13, 0.22) | 0.11 (0.07, 0.16) | 0.08 (0.03, 0.13) |
| Substance use | 0.04 (0.24) | 0.03 (-0.02, 0.08) | ||
| % (N) | ||||
| ADHD diagnosis | 12.12 (266) | 0.07 (0.02, 0.11) | 0.03 (-0.02, 0.08) | |
| Conduct disorder diagnosis | 15.76 (349) | 0.08 (0.03, 0.13) | 0.03 (-0.02, 0.08) | |
| Victimisation and social relationships | ||||
| Physical maltreatment | 5.73 (128) | 0.07 (0.02, 0.12) | 0.03 (-0.02, 0.09) | |
| Bullying | 44.49 (985) | 0.15 (0.11, 0.20) | 0.12 (0.07, 0.17) | 0.08 (0.03, 0.13) |
| Social isolation | 33.67 (700) | 0.15 (0.11, 0.20) | 0.12 (0.07, 0.17) | 0.08 (0.03, 0.12) |
β = Standardised regression coefficient (interpretable as equivalent to a correlation). CI = Confidence interval. IQ = Intelligence quotient. ADHD = Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. All analyses adjusted for gender and socioeconomic status.