Table 2.

Mechanism of the BLVR procedures

	Valve13–20	Coil24–33	TVA37–39	ABS42,43	TLD44,45
Mechanism	Reducing airway Trapping	Improvement of elastic recoil	Local inflammatory reactions	Blocking Airway	Reduction of bronchoconstriction
Reversibility	Yes	Partial	No	Partial	No
Dependence of collateral ventilation	Yes	No	No	Yes	No
Type of Emphysema	Heterogeneous	Heterogeneous or homogeneous	Heterogeneous, only upper lobe	Homogeneous	Heterogeneous or homogeneous
Possible relevant complications	Pneumothorax, Dislocation, or migration of Valve	COPD Exacerbation, Pneumonia	Local and systemic inflammatory reactions, Pneumonia or Pneumonitis	Exacerbation, pneumothorax, hemoptysis	Exacerbation, Procedure related

BLVR: bronchoscopic lung volume reduction; TVA: thermal vapor ablation; LVR: lung volume reduction; TLD: targeted lung denervation; ABS: airway bypass stent