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. 2018 Jul 30;9:1705. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01705

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Copyright © 2018 Zhu, Li, Wang, Yu, Prausnitz and Wang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Evaluation of humoral immune response. BALB/c mice were intramuscular (IM) immunized with Aichi and PR8-inactivated bi-component vaccine [divalent inactivated vaccine (DIV)], the combination of the 4M2e-tFliC fusion protein, Aichi and PR8-inactivated tri-component vaccine, or microneedle patch (MNP) skin vaccination with the tri-component vaccine. Serum samples (N = 8) were collected 3 weeks post immunization and analyzed for levels of Aichi-specific IgG (A) and IgG isotypes (D), PR8-specific IgG (A) and IgG isotypes (C) and M2e-specific IgG and IgG isotypes (E). (B) Hemagglutinin inhibition titers against Aichi and PR8. Data represent mean ± SEM. The statistical significance was analyzed by Mann–Whitney U test. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ^n.sp > 0.05.