Table 2.

List of identified biomarkers based on monocytes for tuberculosis (TB).

Biomarkers	Signature	Functions	Expressed by	Able to	Reference
FPR1	Formyl peptide receptor 1	Pro-inflammatory, antimicrobial defense	Professional phagocytes		Jacobsen et al. (52)
Combination of CD64, LTF, and RaB33a	CD64		Monocytes	Discriminate active TB, latent TB infection, and healthy status
	Fc gamma receptor Ia	Induce phagocytosis, respiratory burst and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity in monocytes, macrophages, and granulocytes
	LTF
	Lactoferrin is a transport molecule with high affinity for iron	Modulates the host response by competing with the microbes for iron
	Rab33a
	Member of Ras-associated small GTPase family	Regulates intracellular trafficking
mCD14 receptor	Membrane bound CD14 receptor—55 kD glycoprotein	Pattern recognition receptor for Mycobacterium tuberculosis components such as LAM and lipoproteins	Monocytes	Biomarker for active TB	Druszczynska et al. (53)
HMBG1	High mobility group box 1 protein also known as Amphoterin	Pro-inflammatory cytokine, serves as DAMP to alert the innate immune system by recruiting inflammatory cells during disease condition, acts as an immune adjuvant to trigger the response of T cells, dendritic cells, and endothelial cells	Monocytes	Biomarker for active TB	Zeng et al. (54)
IL26	Member of interleukin-10 cytokine family	Inhibitory effect on anti-mycobacterial activity	Monocytes	Susceptible gene for TB	Guerra-Laso et al. (55)
CD163	Monocyte/macrophage specific glycoprotein	Scavenger receptor	Monocytes	Biomarker for TB disease progression and monitor treatment efficacy	Lastrucci et al. (27)