Table 2.
Clinical biochemistry baseline value among retinopathy hearing loss and normal hearing subject among T2DM patients (N = 638).
| Variables |
Retinopathy with
Hearing Loss
≥26 dB n=126 Mean ± SD |
Non-Retinopathy
Normal Hearing with
diabetic <26 dB N = 512 Mean ± SD |
P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Vitamin D (ng/ml) | 19.40±9.71 | 22.67±9.28 | <0.001 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 12.85± 2.40 | 12.98±2.35 | 0.285 |
| Magnesium (mmol/L) | 0.76±0.10 | 0.90±0.09 | <0.001 |
| Potassium (mmol/L) | 4.49±0.45 | 4.48±0.38 | 0.830 |
| Calcium (mmol/L) | 2.18±0.38 | 2.39±0.26 | 0.036 |
| Phosphorous (mmol/L) | 1.40±0.32 | 1.58±0.29 | <0.001 |
| Creatinine (mmol/L) | 68.74±14.47 | 66.69±17.81 | 0.231 |
| Fasting Blood Glucose(mmol/L) | 7.50.13±1.30 | 7.33±1.01 | 0.041 |
| HbA1c | 8.35±1.04 | 7.60±1.01 | <0.001 |
| Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.40±0.66 | 3.16±0.80 | 0.002 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.45±0.90 | 1.22±0.37 | 0.001 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.97±0.92 | 1.72±0.69 | 0.025 |
| Albumin (mmol/L) | 40.10±4.41 | 38.68±4.09 | 0.001 |
| Bilirubin (mmol/L) | 7.10±1.46 | 6.12±1.64 | 0.001 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.82±0.87 | 1.72±2.58 | 0.110 |
| Uric Acid (mmol/L) | 275.8±99.8 | 287.9±89.51 | 0.272 |
| Systolic Blood Pressure mm Hg | 131.7±9.25 | 127.73±11.98 | 0.001 |
| Diastolic Blood Pressure mm Hg | 82.20±8.60 | 79.80±8.20 | 0.004 |
| Microalbuminuria | 14.59±2.49 | 9.07±3.50 | <0.001 |
|
| |||
| n(%) | n(%) | ||
|
| |||
| Vitamin D Level | |||
| Deficiency 25(OH)D <20 ng/ml | 68(54.0) | 212(41.4) | |
| Insufficiency 25(OH)D 20-29 ng/ml | 38(30.2) | 183(35.7) | 0.004 |
| Optimal 25(OH)D 30-80 ng/ml | 20(15.8) | 117(22.9) | |
| Retinopathy | |||
| Present | 24(19.0) | 52(10.2) | |
| Absent | 102(81.0) | 460(89.8) | 0.006 |
| Visual impairment level | |||
| None | 102(81.0) | 460(89.8) | |
| Mild | 9(7.1) | 28(5.5) | 0.007 |
| Moderate or more | 15(11.9) | 24(4.7) | |