Table 3.
Logistic regression showing impact of ace scores on health outcomes among adults aged 18+ in rural and urban areas of the United States, 2011-2012 BRFSS, 9 states.
| Rural Areas (n=29,521) | |||||
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|
Score 0 n=13521 |
Score 1 n=6320 |
Score 2 n=3446 |
Score 3 n=2160 |
Score ≥4 n=4074 |
|
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| Activity Limitation Due to Physical, Mental, or Emotional (ref=no) | |||||
|
| |||||
| Unadjusted Prevalence (SE) | 20.19 (0.55) | 23.55 (0.86) | 26.38 (1.27) | 30.20 (1.68) | 38.01 (1.34) |
|
| |||||
| Unadjusted Odds Ratio (OR) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.22 (1.08, 1.37)∗ | 1.42 (1.23, 1.64)∗ | 1.71 (1.44, 2.03)∗ | 2.42 (2.13, 2.76)∗ |
|
| |||||
| Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR)1 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.36 (1.18, 1.56)∗ | 1.59 (1.34, 1.88)∗ | 1.90 (1.54, 2.35)∗ | 2.66 (2.26, 3.13)∗ |
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| General Health Rated as Fair/Poor (ref=excellent/very good/good) | |||||
|
| |||||
| Unadjusted Prevalence (SE) | 16.56 (0.53) | 17.46 (0.78) | 19.11 (1.11) | 20.95 (1.46) | 27.92 (1.26) |
|
| |||||
| Unadjusted Odds Ratio (OR) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.07 (0.94, 1.22) | 1.20 (1.02, 1.41)∗∗ | 1.35 (1.11, 1.62)∗ | 1.97 (1.70, 2.27)∗ |
|
| |||||
| Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR)1 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.19 (1.02, 1,39)∗∗ | 1.36 (1.12, 1.66)∗ | 1.46 (1.15, 1.85)∗ | 2.02 (1.67, 2.44)∗ |
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| Ever Had Diabetes (ref=no diabetes) | |||||
|
| |||||
| Unadjusted Prevalence (SE) | 11.68 (0.44) | 11.69 (0.66) | 11.74 (0.88) | 12.58 (1.15) | 10.82 (0.81) |
|
| |||||
| Unadjusted Odds Ratio (OR) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (0.86, 1.16) | 1.01 (0.83, 1.21) | 1.09 (0.87, 1.36) | 0.92 (0.76, 1.10) |
|
| |||||
| Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR)1 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.17 (0.99, 1.38) | 1.22 (0.99, 1.51) | 1.36 (1.06, 1.73)∗∗ | 1.12 (0.90, 1.41) |
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| Ever Had Stroke (ref=no stroke) | |||||
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| |||||
| Unadjusted Prevalence (SE) | 3.74 (0.25) | 3.77 (0.40) | 2.82 (0.39) | 3.69 (0.57) | 3.81 (0.46) |
|
| |||||
| Unadjusted Odds Ratio (OR) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.01 (0.78, 1.30) | 0.75 (0.55, 1.02) | 0.99 (0.70, 1.39) | 1.02 (0.70, 1.35) |
|
| |||||
| Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR)1 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.26 (0.94, 1.68) | 0.90 (0.62, 1.30) | 1.22 (0.81, 1.85) | 1.27 (0.90, 1.79) |
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| Ever Diagnosed with Heart Attack (ref=no heart attack) | |||||
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| Unadjusted Prevalence (SE) | 6.08 (0.32) | 5.95 (0.45) | 5.71 (0.64) | 5.81 (0.70) | 6.61 (0.75) |
|
| |||||
| Unadjusted Odds Ratio (OR) | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.98 (0.81, 1.19) | 0.94 (0.72, 1.21) | 0.95 (0.72, 1.25) | 1.09 (0.84, 1.42) |
|
| |||||
| Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR)1 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.20 (0.96, 1.49) | 1.35 (1.01, 1.82)∗∗ | 1.31 (0.96, 1.78) | 1.94 (1.44, 2.62)∗ |
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| Ever Had Angina or Coronary Heart Disease (ref=no heart disease) | |||||
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| Unadjusted Prevalence (SE) | 5.40 (0.29) | 6.67 (0.51) | 6.7 (0.76) | 5.6 (0.65) | 6.8 (0.74) |
|
| |||||
| Unadjusted Odds Ratio (OR) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.25 (1.03, 1.52)∗∗ | 1.27 (0.98, 1.65) | 1.03 (0.79, 1.35) | 1.27 (0.98, 1.64) |
|
| |||||
| Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR)1 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.65 (1.33, 2.04)∗ | 1.99 (1.47, 2.69)∗ | 1.52 (1.12, 2.06)∗ | 2.44 (1.84, 3.21)∗ |
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| Ever Had Asthma (ref=no asthma) | |||||
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| Unadjusted Prevalence (SE) | 8.38 (0.47) | 10.64 (0.70) | 11.07 (0.89) | 13.87 (0.13) | 18.29 (0.11) |
|
| |||||
| Unadjusted Odds Ratio (OR) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.30 (1.08, 1.57)∗ | 1.36 (1.10, 1.69)∗ | 1.76 (1.39, 2.23)∗ | 2.45 (2.03, 2.95)∗ |
|
| |||||
| Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR)1 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.22 (1.00, 1.48) | 1.22 (0.96, 1.56) | 1.71 (1.32, 2.21)∗ | 1.84 (1.48, 2.29)∗ |
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| Poor Mental Health (ref=good mental health) | |||||
|
| |||||
| Unadjusted Prevalence (SE) | 27.20 (1.42) | 30.3 (1.89) | 29.51 (2.33) | 37.24 (2.97) | 46.03 (1.98) |
|
| |||||
| Unadjusted Odds Ratio (OR) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.17 (0.93, 1.46) | 1.12 (0.86, 1.45) | 1.59 (1.19, 2.11)∗ | 2.28 (1.85, 2.82)∗ |
|
| |||||
| Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR)1 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.20 (0.94, 1.53) | 1.19 (0.90, 1.57) | 1.62 (1.17, 2.24)∗ | 1.90 (1.48, 2.45)∗ |
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| Urban Areas (n=36,141) | |||||
|
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|
Score 0 n=15457 |
Score 1 n=8057 |
Score 2 n=4510 |
Score 3 n=2823 |
Score≥4 n=5294 |
|
|
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| Activity Limitation Due to Physical, Mental, or Emotional (ref=no) | |||||
|
| |||||
| Unadjusted Prevalence (SE) | 18.67 (0.46) | 23.08 (0.77) | 25.65 (1.02) | 27.69 (1.31) | 35.73 (1.11) |
|
| |||||
| Unadjusted Odds Ratio (OR) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.31 (1.18, 1.45)∗ | 1.50 (1.33, 1.70)∗ | 1.67 (1.45, 1.92)∗ | 2.42 (2.17, 2.71)∗ |
|
| |||||
| Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR)1 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.51 (1.33, 1.71)∗ | 1.75 (1.52, 2.02)∗ | 1.90 (1.62, 2.23)∗ | 2.62 (2.29, 3.00)∗ |
|
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| General Health Rated as Fair/Poor (ref=excellent/very good/good) | |||||
|
| |||||
| Unadjusted Prevalence (SE) | 13.43 (0.47) | 14.00 (0.66) | 15.25 (0.87) | 20.48 (1.25) | 23.06 (0.94) |
|
| |||||
| Unadjusted Odds Ratio (OR) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.05 (0.92, 1.19) | 1.16 (1.00, 1.35) | 1.66 (1.40, 1.96)∗ | 1.93 (1.70, 2.19)∗ |
|
| |||||
| Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR)1 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.07 (0.92, 1.25) | 1.21 (1.00, 1.46) | 1.77 (1.45, 2.15)∗ | 1.78 (1.50, 2.11)∗ |
|
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| Ever Had Diabetes (ref=no diabetes) | |||||
|
| |||||
| Unadjusted Prevalence (SE) | 10.76 (0.37) | 10.41 (0.54) | 11.37 (0.75) | 13.64 (1.10) | 11.55 (0.66) |
|
| |||||
| Unadjusted Odds Ratio (OR) | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.96 (0.84, 1.10) | 1.06 (0.90, 1.25) | 1.31 (1.07, 1.60)∗ | 1.08 (0.94, 1.25) |
|
| |||||
| Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR)1 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.09 (0.94, 1.27) | 1.36 (1.14, 1.63)∗ | 1.47 (1.18, 1.84)∗ | 1.39 (1.16, 1.65)∗ |
|
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| Ever Had Stroke (ref=no stroke) | |||||
|
| |||||
| Unadjusted Prevalence (SE) | 2.89 (0.18) | 3.09 (0.28) | 2.84 (0.39) | 4.00 (0.73) | 3.37 (0.34) |
|
| |||||
| Unadjusted Odds Ratio (OR) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.07 (0.86, 1.34) | 0.98 (0.73, 1.33) | 1.40 (0.95, 2.07) | 1.17 (0.92, 1.49) |
|
| |||||
| Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR)1 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.24 (0.97, 1.59) | 1.22 (0.88, 1.69) | 1.47 (0.97, 2.23) | 1.48 (1.11, 1.97)∗ |
|
| |||||
| Ever Diagnosed with Heart Attack (ref=no heart attack) | |||||
|
| |||||
| Unadjusted Prevalence (SE) | 5.15 (0.27) | 5.11 (0.44) | 4.17 (0.45) | 5.71 (0.80) | 4.72 (0.41) |
|
| |||||
| Unadjusted Odds Ratio (OR) | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.99 (0.80, 1.22) | 0.80 (0.63, 1.02) | 1.11 (0.82, 1.52) | 0.91 (0.74, 1.12) |
|
| |||||
| Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR)1 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.18 (0.94, 1.49) | 1.05 (0.80, 1.37) | 1.43 (1.03, 2.00)∗∗ | 1.39 (1.08, 1.79)∗∗ |
|
| |||||
| Ever Had Angina or Coronary Heart Disease (ref=no heart disease) | |||||
|
| |||||
| Unadjusted Prevalence (SE) | 5.22 (0.27) | 5.14 (0.41) | 4.84 (0.48) | 5.06 (0.77) | 4.58 (0.39) |
|
| |||||
| Unadjusted Odds Ratio (OR) | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.98 (0.81, 1.20) | 0.92 (0.74, 1.16) | 0.97 (0.69, 1.35) | 0.87 (0.71, 1.07) |
|
| |||||
| Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR)1 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.18 (0.94, 1.47) | 1.23 (0.95, 1.59) | 1.32 (0.93, 1.88) | 1.41 (1.10, 1.81)∗ |
|
| |||||
| Ever Had Asthma (ref=no asthma) | |||||
|
| |||||
| Unadjusted Prevalence (SE) | 8.30 (0.40) | 11.59 (0.64) | 13.07 (0.90) | 13.61 (1.11) | 17.62 (0.88) |
|
| |||||
| Unadjusted Odds Ratio (OR) | 1.00 (Reference) | 0.98 (0.81, 1.20) | 0.92 (0.74, 1.16) | 0.97 (0.69, 1.35) | 0.87 (0.71, 1.07) |
|
| |||||
| Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR)1 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.40 (1.17, 1.66)∗ | 1.51 (1.24, 1.84)∗∗ | 1.55 (1.25, 1.91)∗ | 1.76 (1.48, 2.10)∗ |
|
| |||||
| Poor Mental Health (ref=good mental health) | |||||
|
| |||||
| Unadjusted Prevalence (SE) | 25.13 (1.26) | 25.63 (1.61) | 28.84 (2.01) | 31.50 (2.15) | 42.90 (1.62) |
|
| |||||
| Unadjusted Odds Ratio (OR) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.03 (0.83, 1.27) | 1.21 (0.96, 1.52) | 1.37 (1.08, 1.73)∗ | 2.24 (1.86, 2.69)∗ |
|
| |||||
| Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR)1 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.07 (0.85, 1.35) | 1.12 (0.85, 1.47) | 1.30 (1.00, 1.70) | 1.91 (1.55, 2.34)∗ |
1Adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, veteran status, marital status, employment status, education, and family income. ∗p<.01, ∗∗p<.05.