Table 1.

Estimation of adhesion energy via blister profiles

Interface type	Materials (ref)	Adhesion energy (mJ/m2)
2D crystal vdW heterostructures	MoS2–MoS2 (13)	174 ± 18
	G–MoS2 (20)	140 ± 26
	MoS2–hBN (13)	136 ± 11
	hBN–hBN (13)	129 ± 4
	G–hBN (13, 49)	126 ± 20
	G–HOPG (22)	86 ± 16
2D crystal on a substrate	G-Ice (20)	124 ± 30
	G–CaF2 (28)	104
	MoS2–Al2O3*	101 ± 15
	G–SiO2*	93 ± 1
	MoS2–SiO2*	82 ± 1
Graphene interfaces without blisters	G–V2O5 (9)	≤108
	G–sapphire (50)	≤107
	G–Mica (51–54)	≤102
	G–Si (55)	≤72
	G–SiC (56)	≤57

^*Data from Fig. 1D; Other data are from water-filled 2D materials blisters except data from ref. 13, which suggested hydrocarbon and water blister contents.