Fig. 3.

Bulk and single-compound stable isotope data from the Late Pleistocene/Incipient Jōmon (blue) and Early Holocene/Initial Jōmon (red) ceramic vessels. δ¹³C values of C_16:0 and C_18:0 n-alkanoic acids extracted from Late Pleistocene/Incipient (A) and Early Holocene/Initial (B) Jōmon pottery, which show a broadening of aquatic resources. The 95% confidence ellipses are based on modern Japanese authentic reference fats (5, 6, 21–23). Bulk δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N stable isotope data (C) obtained from carbonized residues adhering to Incipient and Initial Jōmon vessels (some data previously reported in refs. 5, 6, 40, and 41). (D) Box plot of the δ¹⁵N values, which also demonstrate a broadening of aquatic resources. Filled circle, sample with aquatic biomarkers and/or phytanic acid SRR ratio >75.5%; open circle, absence of aquatic biomarkers and/or phytanic acid SRR ratio <75.5%.