The effect of DMF on chemokines, growth factors and cytokines. Levels
of inflammatory-related proteins were calculated (pg/ml) using a
multiplex assay. (a) There was a highly significant effect of
surgery (F (1-34) = 13.7; ***p = 0.0008)
in the concentration of MIP-1α (pg/ml). Post hoc analysis showed
that there was a significant increase in MIP-1α levels in
hypoperfused vehicle-treated animals compared with sham
vehicle-treated animals (##p < 0.01); however,
notably there was no significant increase in MIP-1a levels in the
DMF-treated hypoperfused mice compared with the DMF-treated sham
mice (p > 0.05). (b) There was a highly
significant effect of surgery (F (1-34) = 18.2;
***p = 0.0001) in the concentration of MCP-1
(pg/ml). Post hoc analysis showed that there was a significant
increase in MCP-1 levels in hypoperfused vehicle-treated animals
compared with sham vehicle-treated animals
(##p < 0.01) and a significant increase in MCP-1
levels in hypoperfused DMF-treated animals compared with sham
DMF-treated animals, but by a lesser magnitude
(#p < 0.05). (c) There was a significant effect
of surgery (F (1-33) = 14.3;
***p = 0.0006) in the concentration of KC (pg/ml).
Post hoc analysis showed that there was a significant elevation in
KC levels following hypoperfusion vehicle compared with sham vehicle
treatment (#p < 0.05), and in hypoperfused
DMF-treated mice when compared with sham DMF-treated mice
(#p < 0.05). (d) There was a highly
significant effect of surgery (F (1-34) = 34.8;
***p < 0.0001) in the concentration of VEGF
(pg/ml). Post hoc analysis showed that there was a significant
increase in VEGF levels in hypoperfused vehicle-treated animals
compared with sham vehicle-treated animals
(##p < 0.01). Notably, there was also a
significant increase in VEGF levels in the DMF-treated hypoperfused
mice compared with the DMF-treated sham mice, by a greater magnitude
(###p < 0.001) than the increase seen in
vehicle treated mice. (e) For IL-6 levels, there was a significant
effect of surgery (F (1-34) = 4.4,
*p = 0.04). (f and g) There was no significant
effect of hypoperfusion or DMF for IL-1β (f) or for IFN-γ (g). Data
are presented as mean ± SEM, two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni
post hoc test, sham vehicle n = 8; sham DMF n = 8; hypoperfusion
vehicle n = 11; hypoperfusion DMF n = 11.