Table 4.
Multivariate-adjusted (adj.) uncorrected and regression calibration (RC) hazard ratios (HR) describing associations between dairy intake and incident cancers of the colon and rectum among participants of the Adventist Health Study-2, USA, 2002–2011
| Colorectal cancer | Colon cancer | Rectal cancer | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dairy nutrients | Medians of extreme quintiles* | HR | 95 % CI | HR | 95 % CI | HR | 95 % CI |
| Total dairy (kcal/d) (not adj. for Ca)† | 114·2 kJ/d (27·30 kcal/d) | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·00 | |||
| 1422·6 kJ/d (340·00 kcal/d) | 0·78 | 0·60, 1·00 | 0·87 | 0·64, 1·17 | 0·56 | 0·33, 0·94 | |
| Total dairy (kcal/d) (adj. for total Ca)‡ | 114·2 kJ/d (27·30 kcal/d) | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·00 | |||
| 1422·6 kJ/d (340·00 kcal/d) | 0·83 | 0·63, 1·09 | 0·94 | 0·69, 1·30 | 0·57 | 0·33, 0·97 | |
| Total dairy (kcal/d) (adj. for non-dairy Ca)‡ | 114·2 kJ/d (27·30 kcal/d) | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·00 | |||
| 1422·6 kJ/d (340·00 kcal/d) | 0·77 | 0·59, 0·99 | 0·83 | 0·61, 1·13 | 0·60 | 0·35, 1·02 | |
| Total dairy (kcal/d) (not adj. for Ca) – RC†,§ | 75·7 kJ/d (18·10 kcal/d) | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·00 | |||
| 1077·0 kJ/d (257·40 kcal/d) | 0·67 | 0·37, 1·11 | 0·86 | 0·46, 1·62 | 0·31 | 0·09, 0·96 | |
| Total dairy (kcal/d) (adj. for total Ca) – RC‡,§ | 75·7 kJ/d (18·10 kcal/d) | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·00 | |||
| 1077·0 kJ/d (257·40 kcal/d) | 0·77 | 0·41, 1·31 | 1·03 | 0·50, 1·94 | 0·31 | 0·09, 0·88 | |
| Total dairy (kcal/d) (adj. for non-dairy Ca) – RC‡,§ | 75·7 kJ/d (18·10 kcal/d) | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·00 | |||
| 1077·0 kJ/d (257·40 kcal/d) | 0·69 | 0·36, 1·17 | 0·83 | 0·39, 1·49 | 0·40 | 0·11, 1·27 | |
| Total dairy (g/d) (adj. for non-dairy Ca)‡ | 9·90 g/d | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·00 | |||
| 415·00 g/d | 0·75 | 0·57, 0·98 | 0·80 | 0·58, 1·09 | 0·61 | 0·35, 1·07 | |
| Dairy protein║ | 1·04 g/d | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·00 | |||
| 19·70 g/d | 0·80 | 0·60, 1·06 | 0·86 | 0·62, 1·18 | 0·62 | 0·33, 1·14 | |
| Dairy fat║ | 1·90 g/d | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·00 | |||
| 20·50 g/d | 0·81 | 0·61, 1·09 | 0·89 | 0·64, 1·25 | 0·60 | 0·32, 1·13 | |
| Dairy carbohydrate║ | 1·10 g/d | 1·00 | 1·00 | 1·00 | |||
| 24·4 g/d | 0·78 | 0·59, 1·02 | 0·80 | 0·59, 1·09 | 0·70 | 0·39, 1·27 | |
Except for RC analyses, quintiles are from FFQ data.
Adjusted for fibre, unprocessed red meat, processed red meat, fish, poultry, gender, race, BMI, education, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking history, diabetes, use of aspirin, use of statin, physical activity, family history of colorectal cancer, history of polyps, screening for colorectal cancer.
Adjusted in addition for either total Ca or only supplemental and non-dairy Ca (as indicated).
RC analyses. Units are kcal/d and quintiles are those from repeated recalls, as is appropriate for the RC.
Dairy nutrient variables are assessed individually in the regression models.