Table 2.
Association between CMD, MDD, GAD and alcohol abuse and covariates, Héraclès study, France, 2014 (χ2 test)
| MDD and GAD (n=648) | Alcohol (n=196) | |||
| N (%) | P values (χ2-df) | N (%) | P values (χ2-df) | |
| Work characteristics | ||||
| Work intensity | <0.01 | 0.01 | ||
| High | 232 (52.8) | (111.1–1) | 58 (13.3) | (7.5–1) |
| Low | 416 (26.2) | 138 (8.7) | ||
| Emotional demands | <0.01 | <0.01 | ||
| High | 262 (54.9) | (149.8–1) | 73 (15.3) | (21.8–1) |
| Low | 386 (24.9) | 123 (7.9) | ||
| Autonomy | <0.01 | 0.48 | ||
| High | 158 (26.4) | (11.6–1) | 53 (8.9) | (0.6–1) |
| Low | 490 (34.3) | 143 (10.0) | ||
| Conflict in values | <0.01 | <0.01 | ||
| High | 335 (48.8) | (134.4–1) | 90 (13.1) | (13.5–1) |
| Low | 313 (23.3) | 106 (7.9) | ||
| Social relations at work | <0.01 | 0,03 | ||
| High | 103 (15.0) | (137.2–1) | 52 (7.6) | (4.9–1) |
| Low | 545 (40.7) | 144 (10.8) | ||
| Job insecurity | <0.01 | 014 | ||
| High | 242 (42.8) | (41.8–1) | 64 (11.3) | (2.2–1) |
| Low | 406 (27.8) | 132 (9.0) | ||
| Covariates | ||||
| Patient characteristics | ||||
| Age group | 0.03 | 0,24 | ||
| (18–35) | 172 (28.8) | (7.1–2) | 48 (8.0) | (2.8–2) |
| (36–50) | 306 (35.1) | 87 (10.0) | ||
| (51–65) | 169 (30.6) | 60 (10.9) | ||
| Gender | <0.01 | <0,01 | ||
| Male | 266 (28.3) | (10.5–1) | 140 (14.9) | (53.7–1) |
| Female | 382 (35.2) | 56 (5.2) | ||
| Occupational grade | 0.32 | <0.01 | ||
| Blue collar | 79 (28.9) | (2.3–2) | 53 (19.4) | (37.8–2) |
| Pink collar | 386 (32.6) | 86 (7.3) | ||
| White collar | 152 (29.6) | 50 (9.7) | ||
| Educational level | 0.13 | <0.01 | ||
| <High school degree | 266 (34.1) | (2.3–1) | 98 (12.6) | (11.7–1) |
| ≥High school degree | 381 (30.8) | 97 (7.8) | ||
| Family status | 0.01 | <0.01 | ||
| Lives alone | 471 (30.5) | (6.3–1) | 63 (13.1) | (7.9–1) |
| Lives with a partner or parents | 177 (36.8) | 133 (8.6) | ||
| Household income (in €) | 0.03 | 0.3 | ||
| (0–3000) | 184 (37.5) | (4.8–1) | 53 (10.8) | (1.1–1) |
| 3000+ | 353 (31.7) | 100 (9.0) | ||
| Company size | 0.03 | <0.01 | ||
| 1–5 | 108 (29.9) | (9.1–3) | 51 (14.1) | (16.5–3) |
| 6–25 | 183 (37.3) | 53 (10.8) | ||
| 26–250 | 138 (32.9) | 43 (10.2) | ||
| 250+ | 203 (29.5) | 45 (6.6) | ||
| Previous mental health problems/disorders | <0.01 | <0.01 | ||
| Yes | 108 (57.1) | (57.1–1) | 30 (15.9) | (16.5–1) |
| No | 516 (29.8) | 150 (8.6) | ||
| Past somatic problems | 0.82 | 0.84 | ||
| Yes | 185 (33.1) | (0.05–1) | 53 (9.5) | (0.04–1) |
| No | 445 (32.4) | 136 (9.9) | ||
| Purpose of consultation with GP | ||||
| Somatic | <0.01 | 0.04 | ||
| Yes | 335 (25.2) | (81.5–1) | 115 (8.6) | (4.4–1) |
| No | 313 (45) | 81 (11,6) | ||
| Psychological | <0.01 | <0.01 | ||
| Yes | 312 (73.4) | (422.3–1) | 61 (14.4) | (12.8–1) |
| No | 336 (21) | 135 (8.4) | ||
| Chronic disease management | <0.01 | <0.01 | ||
| Yes | 75 (24) | (10.5–1) | 46 (14.7) | (10.0–1) |
| No | 573 (33.4) | 150 (8.8) | ||
| Past unemployment | 0.57 | <0.01 | ||
| Yes | 202 (33) | (0.33–1) | 80 (13,1) | (11.0–1) |
| No | 446 (31.5) | 116 (8.2) | ||
| Job instability | <0.01 | <0.01 | ||
| Yes | 229 (43.9) | (47.0–1) | 70 (13.4) | (12.0–1) |
| No | 400 (27.5) | 118 (11.1) | ||
| GPs characteristics | ||||
| GP’s gender | <0.01 | <0.01 | ||
| Male | 375 (27.5) | (37.8–1) | 152 (11.1) | (9.9–1) |
| Female | 273 (41.2) | 44 (6.6) | ||
| GP’s age | 0.13 | 0.14 | ||
| (18–39) | 72 (37.1) | (5.7–3) | 18 (9.3) | (5.5–3) |
| (40–49) | 190 (30.4) | 49 (7.8) | ||
| (50–59) | 254 (30.5) | 95 (11.4) | ||
| 60+ | 132 (35.2) | 34 (9.1) | ||
| Size of practice population | <0.01 | 0.06 | ||
| 0–500 | 79 (37.4) | (14.7–3) | 18 (8.5) | (7.4–3) |
| 5000–1000 | 295 (29.7) | 82 (8.3) | ||
| 1000–1500 | 136 (31.4) | 47 (10,9) | ||
| 1500+ | 104 (41.1) | 34 (13.4) | ||
| Comfort with mental health problems | 0.21 | 0.48 | ||
| High | 500 (31.3) | (1.6–1) | 155 (9.7) | (0.5–1) |
| Low | 118 (34.9) | 28 (8.3) | ||
| High opportunity to work with mental health specialists | <0,01 | 0.05 | ||
| High | 345 (36.7) | (18.2–1) | 103 (9.9) | (3.7–1) |
| Low | 286 (27.6) | 86 (9.1) | ||
| Contextual characteristics | ||||
| Social deprivation | 0.32 | 0.87 | ||
| High | 167 (30.2) | (1.0–1) | 52 (9.4) | (0.03–1) |
| Low | 481 (32.6) | 144 (9.8) | ||
| Material deprivation | <0.01 | 0,74 | ||
| High | 306 (36) | (10.4–1) | 85 (10) | (0.1–1) |
| Low | 342 (29.1) | 111 (9.4) | ||
| Density of psychiatrist | 0.02 | 0.97 | ||
| High | 522 (33.3) | (5.1–1) | 45 (9.8) | (0.01–1) |
| Low | 126 (27.5) | 151 (9.6) | ||
| Density of psychologist | 0.05 | 0.10 | ||
| High | 515 (33.1) | (4.0–1) | 36 (7.6) | (2.7–1) |
| Low | 133 (28.1) | 160 (10.3) | ||
| Density of GP | 0.06 | 0.88 | ||
| High | 505 (33.1) | (3.6–1) | 50 (10) | (0.02–1) |
| Low | 143 (28.4) | 146 (9.6) | ||
CMD, common mental disorder; GAD, generalised anxiety disorder; GPS, general practitioners; MDD, major depressive disorder.