3D-printing of biosensors. a) Smartphone-coupled cell-based toxicity reaction ware, printed via FDM-3DP. Adapted with permission.[52] Copyright 2016, Elsevier. b) Dual-purpose toxin sensor and detoxification device based on liver microarchitecture, fabricated via DLP-3DP. Units shown: μm. Adapted with permission.[55] Copyright 2014, Nature Publishing Group. c) Impeller biosensor with antibodies incorporated into body fabricated via DLP-3DP; sensing efficiency increases when spun. Scale bar: 2 mm. Adapted with permission.[56] Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society. d) Mass-sensing cantilevers with incorporated functional groups, fabricated via DLP-3DP. Scale bar: 400 μm. Adapted with permission.[57] Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society.