. 2018 Jul;6(3):181–194. doi: 10.29252/beat-060301

Table 3.

Characteristics of the Selected Studies

Studies	Country	Study period	Design	Sample size	M/F	Mean age(years)	Co-injuries	PECsq	Mortality	SMRr
Krause 1997 [ 37 ]	United States	1985-1996	Prospective cohort	141	4.3/1^a	24.5±10.9 ^a	NA^b	NA^b	13.5%	NA^b
Levy 1998 [ 19 ]	Zimbabwe	1988_1994	Retrospective case-series	67	7.4/1	NA^b	NA^b	NA^b	19.4%	NA^b
Yeo 1998 [ 6 ]	Australi^a	1955-1994	Retrospective cohort	650	4.5/1 ^a	NA^b	NA^b	NA^b	17.4%	1.9(1.5-2.3)
O’Connor2005 [5]	Australi^a	1986-1997	Cohort study	1355	4.01/1	NA^b
Lidal 2007[ 9 ]	Norway	1961-1982	Retrospective	205	3.54:1	25.3			37%	Men:1.3women:3.3
Leal-Filho 2008 [38]	Brazil	1995_2002	Prospective cohort	189	6.3/1 ^a	NA^b	NA^b	NA^b	0	NA^b
Furlan 2009 [23]	Canada	1996-2007	Retrospective cohort	87	2.7/1 ^a	52.1 ^a	NA^b	Mean CCIs, Mean CIRSt, Mean number of ICD-9o codes	2.3%	NA^b
Divanoglou 2010 [30]	Sweden Greece	2006_2007	Prospective Population-Based Study	48	NA^b	NA^b	Extraspinal Injuries (Skull, Thorax, Pelvis)	CVDe, Spinal stenosis, ASh, Degenerative	6.3%	NA^b
Furlan 2010 [25]	Canada	NA	Prospective cohort	136	5.3/1 ^a	NA	GCSm	NA^b	4.4%	NA^b
Hagen 2010 [20]	Norway	1952_2001	Retrospective cohort	188	4.7/1 ^a	35.2	NA^b	NA^b	31.4%	1.94 (1.51, 2.51)
Ning 2011 [39]	China	2004-2008	Retrospective	248	5.6/1	46			0
Varma 2010 [10]	United States	1993-2003	Retrospective cohort	715	3/1 ^a	Median age:41^a	TBIg,ISSl	NA^b	10.3%	NA^b
Ahoniemi 2011 [1]	Finland	1976-2007	Retrospective	811	3.77:1	Male:34.5 female:33.2			4.06%	2.97
Krause 2011 [27]	United States	1998-2008	Prospective cohort	402	2.9:1 ^a	31.1±13.5^a	NA^b	NA^b	20.9%	NA^b
Krause 2011 [28]	United States	1995-2006	Retrospective cohort	3990	3.9:1 ^a	NA^b	NA^b	NA^b	10%	NA^b
Kawu 2011 [32]	Nigeria	1997-2007	Retrospective cohort	94	4.6/1 ^a	37.2±14.2 ^a	GCSm	NA^b	34%	NA^b
Grossman 2012 [40]	United states	2005-2010	Prospective cohort	56	3.7:1 ^a	44.6±17.1 ^a	GCSm,AISp	HTj, Diabetes mellitus, hepatitis C	0	NA^b
Middleton 2012 [41]	Australia	1955 -2006	Retrospective cohort	938	4.5:1 ^a	34±17.4 ^a	NA^b	NA^b	21.3%	1.7
Cao 2013 [42]	United States	1995-2006	Cohort	4042	3.88:1 ^a	NA^b
Nwankwo 2013 [26]	Nigeria	2009-2012	Retrospective case-series	40	4.3:1 ^a	34.8±3.3 ^a	Chest lesion/long bone fx/ head injury/ abdomen lesion	NA^b	7.5%	NA^b
Sabre 2013 [24]	Estonia	1997 -2011	Retrospective cohort	205		NA^b	Head injury, ATId	NA^b	21.5%	NA^b
Löfvenmark 2014 [43]	Botswana	2011 2013	Descriptive cross-sectional	20	2.5:1 ^a	80% ⩽45 years ^a	fractures in upper and lower extremities, as well as ribs,abdominal injuries and head trauma.	HIVhypertension	27.2%	NA^b
Barman 2014 [29]	India	1981 -2011	Retrospective cohort	367	8.6:1 ^a	Median age:31 ^a	NA^b	NA^b	25.3%	NA^b
Hossain2015 [44]	Bangladesh	2011-2014	Mixed retrospective-prospective cohort	201	8,51:1 ^a	34 (25–44) ^a	NA^b	NA^b	12.43%	NA^b

The data for all patients with cervical and thoracolumbar spinal cord injury;

NA: not available;

CHI: closed head injury;

ATI: associated traumatic injury;

CVD: cardiovascular disease;

PD: pulmonary disease;

TBI: traumatic brain injury;

AS: ankylosing spondylitis;

ⁱ

OPLL: ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament;

HT: hypertension;

OA: osteoarthritis;

ISS: Injury Severity Score;

GCS: Glasgow Coma Scale;

ⁿ

GI disease: gastrointestinal disease;

ICD-9 codes: international classification of disease-ninth revision;

AIS: Abbreviated Injury Scale;

PECs: Preexisting co-morbidity;

SMR: standardized mortality ratio;

CCI: Charlson Comorbidity Index;

CIRS: Cumulative Index Rating Scale;

AS: Ankylosing Spondylitis.