. 2018 Jul;6(3):181–194. doi: 10.29252/beat-060301

Table 7.

Risk Factors for Mortality in Spinal Cord Injury Studies.

Studies	Risk Factor	Comparison	Significance	Risk Factors Adjusted for Confoundingfactors
Krause 1997	Male Age(continuous) Complete Economic Satisfaction Employment Status	Female - Incomplete	NS^b p=≤ 0.001 P=≤0.05 NS^b P=≤ 0.05	No
Furlan 2009	Male Age (continuous) duration of the initial hospitalization ASIA Scale Charlson Co-morbidity Index Number of ICD-9^d codes Cumulative Illness Rating Scale	Female	NS^b P=0.0002 NS^b 0.01 P= 0.005 NS^b NS^b	Yes
Divanoglou 2010	Male Mean age mortality cases Complete Transportation-related injury Serious extra spinal injuries Comorbid spinal disease Surgery	Female Mean age survival cases incomplete No Transportation-related injury No Serious extra spinal injuries No Comorbid spinal disease No surgery	NS^bP= 0.003NS^bNS^bNS^bP= 0.04NS^b	No
Furlan 2010	Male Age(continuous) Complete White MVA GCS^f Drug intervention (placebo or drug) Co-intervention (surgical or conservative management)	Female incompleteNon-whiteNot MVA No Drug intervention (placebo or drug)No Co-intervention (surgical or conservative management)	NS^b P=<0.0001 P=0.02 NS^b NS^b NS^b NS^b NS^b	No
Hagen 2010	FemaleComplete Age(per 10 year increase) Time period (Per 10 year increase.)	Male Incomplete	P=0.002P=<0.001 P=<0.001 NS^b	Yes
Varma 2010	Male Age in <20y age group Age in >20y age group Frankel A white number of comorbidities (1,2&3) ISS^h :severe TBIⁱ Trauma center level 1	Female Frankel B No white 0 ISS :mild-moderate No TBI Trauma center level 2	P= 0.016 NS^b P<0.0001 P=0.015 NS^b P<0.0001 P= 0.012 P=< 0.0001 P=0.026	Yes
Krause 2011	Male Age (continuous) Injury severity: In cervicalIn non-cervical Years since injury PUs^j/YES PMD^d/YES Hospitalizations ≥1	Female Ambulatory ambulatory - never get them NO NO	NS^b P=<0.0001 P=<0.0001 NS^b NS^b P=<0.0001 P=0.0009 P=0.0006	yes
Kawu 2011	Mean age mortality cases Frankel A GCS^f<9	Mean age survival cases - -	P=0.001 P=0.001 P=0.001	No
Grossman 2012	Mean age mortality cases concurrent morbidities/YES	Mean age survival cases NO	P=0.038 P=0.01	NO
Krause 2012	Male 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 >80 C1–C4 C5–C8 White Black Violence & other AIS^k/Frankel A AIS^k/Frankel B & c Low Income Middle Income Education >Bachelors Education High School/Associates	Female 18–34 Y 18–34 Y 18–34 Y 18–34 Y 18–34 Y 18–34 Y 18–34 Y 18–34 Y 18–34 Y 18–34 Y Non-cervical Non-cervical other other MVC/FL/Spc AISk/Frankel D/E AISk/Frankel D/E High Income High Income < High School < High School	CI:1.05–1.46 CI :1.36–2.39 CI :1.74–2.95 CI :2.40–4.00 CI :3.21–5.44 CI :3.96–7.01 CI :4.22–8.01 CI :7.33–13.60 CI :10.98–20.86 CI :17.57–36.37 CI :23.70–52.14 CI :2.09–3.06 CI :1.74–2.41 CI :1.00–1.74 CI :1.24–1.87 NS^b CI :1.37–2.37 NS^b CI :1.76–3.02 CI :1.23–2.12 CI :0.45–0.71 CI :0.69–0.96	YES
Rabadi 2013	Male Age (continuous) Ethnicity (White/Black/American Indian/Hispanic ) Duration since SCI^a Spinal injury level Severity of injury (AIS Grade) Etiology of SCI^a Hypertension/DM^l Hyperlipidemia Vascular risk factors Myocardial infarction Congestive heart failure Depression Pressure ulcers Neurogenic bowel /bladder	Female	NS^b P=<0.0001 NS^b NS^b NS^b NS^b NS^b NS^b P=0.01 NS^b P=0.006 NS^b P=0.005 NS^b NS^b	YES
Sabre 2013 ≤2 years after TSCI	Male Age at injury(continuous) Year of injury Assault/Traffic accident/falls Preinjury alcohol consumption/YES Concomitant injury/YES Head injury/YES C1–4 & C5–8Incomplete Operation in 6 weeks/YES Methylprednisolone in acute phase/YES Complication in acute phase/YES	Female - - Sport NO NO NO T1–S5 Complete NO NO NO	NS^bP=<0.001NS^bNS^bNS^bNS^bP=0.005P=<0.001P=<0.001P=<0.001NS^b 0.004	NO
>2 years after TSCI	Male Age at injury(continuous) Year of injury Assault/Traffic accident Falls Preinjury alcohol consumption/YES Concomitant injury/YES Head injury/YES C1–4 & C5–8 Incomplete Operation in 6 weeks/YES Methylprednisolone in acute phase/YES Complication in acute phase/YES	Female--SportsportNONONOT1–S5completeNONONO	NS^b P=<0.001 NS^b NS^b P=0.004 NS^b NS^b NS^b NS^b NS^b NS^b NS^b NS^b
Barman 2014	Male Age(continuous) Fall Others C1-4 C5-8 T1-6 T7-12 AIS^k grade A AIS^k grade B AIS^k grade C	Female MVC MVC L1-S5 L1-S5 L1-S5 L1-S5 D D D	NS^b NS^b CI:1.16-3.18 CI:1.56-5.15 CI:1.87-8.15 CI:1.01-4.05 CI:1.05-4.02 NS^b CI:3.23-168.15 CI:2.73-148.91NS^b	YES

SCI: spinal cord injury;

NS=not significant;

MVC/FL/Sp =motor vehicle crash/fall/sports;

PMD= probable major depression;

ICD-9: International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems-9th revision;

GCS: Glasgow Coma Scale;

PEC: Preexisting co-morbidity;

ISS: injury severity score;

ⁱ

TBI: traumatic brain injury;

PUs: pressure ulcers;

AIS: American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale;

DM: diabetes mellitus.