Table 3.
Leading ten PIMs (N = 2,728,962) and associated primary diagnosis in the emergency department.
| Beers Criteria (493, 216, 18.1%) | Taiwan-PIM criteria (248, 517, 9.1%) | PRISCUS criteria (207, 865, 7.6%) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PIM item | N (%) | Most common Dx | PIM items | N (%) | Most common Dx | PIM items | N (%) | Most common Dx |
| Ketorolac (M01AB15) | 72,834 (14.8) | Fever (780.6) | Ketorolac (M01AB15) | 72,834 (29.3) | Fever (780.6) | Diphenhydramine (R06AA02) | 48,911 (23.5) | Dizziness and giddiness (780.4) |
| Metoclopramide (A03FA01) | 70,525 (14.3) | Abdominal pain (789.00) | Diphenhydramine (R06AA02) | 48,911 (19.7) | Dizziness and giddiness (780.4) | Short-acting nifedipine (C08CA05) | 29,762 (14.3) | Essential hypertension (401.9) |
| Diphenhydramine (R06AA02) | 48,911 (9.9) | Dizziness and giddiness (780.4) | Diazepam (N05BA01) | 24,695 (9.9) | Dizziness and giddiness (780.4) | Diazepam (N05BA01) | 24,695 (11.9) | Dizziness and giddiness (780.4) |
| Diclofenac (M01AB05) | 37,796 (8.0) | Fever (780.6) | Chlorphenamine (R06AB04) | 14,187 (5.7) | Dizziness and giddiness (780.4) | Chlorphenamine (R06AB04) | 14,187 (6.8) | Dizziness and giddiness (780.4) |
| Short-acting nifedipine (C08CA05) | 29,762 (6.0) | Essential hypertension (401.9) | Chlorzoxazone (M03BB03) | 12,814 (5.2) | Contusion of chest wall (922.1) | Lorazepam (N05BA06) | 13,113 (6.3) | Dizziness and giddiness (780.4) |
| Acetylsalicylic acid >325 mg (N02BA01) | 28,434 (5.8) | Fever (780.6) | Meclizine (R06AE05) | 11,970 (4.8) | Dizziness and giddiness (780.4) | Ketoprofen (M01AE03) | 11,794 (5.7) | Fever (780.6) |
| Diazepam (N05BA01) | 24,695 (5.0) | Dizziness and giddiness (780.4) | Cimetidine (A02BA01) | 11,627 (4.7) | Abdominal pain (789.00) | Alprazolam (N05BA12) | 10,007 (4.8) | Dizziness and giddiness (780.4) |
| Chlorphenamine (R06AB04) | 14,187 (2.9) | Dizziness and giddiness (780.4) | Pethidine (N02AB02) | 9,872 (4.0) | Abdominal pain (789.00) | Pethidine (N02AB02) | 9,872 (4.8) | Abdominal pain (789.00) |
| Scopolamine (A04AD01) | 13,322 (2.7) | Other and unspecified noninfectious gastroenteritis and colitis (558.9) | Fludiazepam (N05BA17) | 7,058 (2.8) | Dizziness and giddiness (780.4) | Piracetam (N06BX03) | 5,058 (2.4) | Acute, but ill-defined, cerebrovascular disease (436) |
| Lorazepam (N05BA06) | 13,113 (6.3) | Dizziness and giddiness (780.4) | Cyproheptadine (R06AX02) | 4,217 (1.7) | Fever (780.6) | Zolpidem (N05CF02) | 4,814 (2.3) | Dizziness and giddiness (780.4) |
Dx: diagnosis; ED: emergency department; PIM: potentially inappropriate medication. The percentage of PIMs based on each set of criteria was determined by the number of PIMs/overall medications used in the ED in 2009. The percentage of each medication was determined by frequency of single drug/overall frequency of PIMs used based on each set of PIM criteria.