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. 2018 Aug 6;9:3080. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-05503-y

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — The multi-dynamic nature of X-pcu-1-Zn is exemplified by six structurally characterised phases. a Structures of 4,4'-bis(4-pyridyl)biphenyl (L2) and 4,4′-biphenyldicarboxylic acid (L1), the pillaring of the 2D square-grid of [Zn₂(L1)₂] by L2 affords the observed pcu topology network. b Breathing, X-pcu-1-Zn-3i-α transforms to X-pcu-1-Zn-3i-β and X-pcu-1-Zn-3i-γ; change in the level of interpenetration, X-pcu-1-Zn-3i-β and X-pcu-1-Zn-3i-γ convert to X-pcu-1-Zn-4i when heated at 130 °C; shape memory, X-pcu-1-Zn-3i-α exposed to air followed by heating affords X-pcu-1-Zn-3i-δ; structural isomerism: square-pyramidal Zn atoms in X-pcu-1-Zn-3i-α convert to distorted tetrahedral Zn atoms in X-pcu-2-Zn-3i after solvent exchange with acetonitrile followed by heating. X-pcu-2-Zn-3i, transforms into X-pcu-1-Zn-3i-δ upon further heating. With the exception of X-pcu-1-Zn-4i, all phases revert to X-pcu-1-Zn-3i-α after soaking in DMF for 5 min. X-pcu-1-Zn-4i, the densest phase, is the only phase that is thermodynamically stable under the conditions studied and is highlighted above. The interpenetrated networks are coloured green, maroon red, blue, and purple