Table 3.
Mean score, standard deviation, p value, and pre- and postassessment in the control and training groups.
| Control group | Training group | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Preassessment | Postassessment | p value | Preassessment | Postassessment | p value | |
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |||
| Recall | 16.60 (3.26) | 16.20 (2.45) | 0.33b | 17.44 (3.66) | 18.16 (3.48) | 0.151b |
| Delayed memory | 0.40 (0.50) | 0.12 (0.33) | 0.08 b | 0.16 (0.37) | 1.20 (1.08) | ≤0.001 b |
| Word recognition | 18.40 (1.25) | 17.96 (1.48) | 0.20b | 18.08 (1.32) | 18.68 (1.28) | 0.028b |
| BNT | 11.64 (1.32) | 11.40 (1.30) | 0.22b | 11.84 (1.57) | 13.40 (1.04) | ≤0.001 b |
| SF | 23.36 (7.44) | 22.16 (6.31) | 0.13b | 22.12 (6.05) | 28.16 (6.08) | ≤0.001 a |
| CDT | 9.72 (1.93) | 9.52 (1.36) | 0.24b | 8.96 (2.22) | 10.28 (2.59) | 0.01 a |
| DSF | 5.04 (0.93) | 4.88 (1.13) | 0.35b | 5.48 (0.71) | 6.60 (1.35) | ≤0.001b |
| DSB | 3.36 (0.81) | 3.32 (0.98) | 0.80b | 3.68 (0.75) | 4.32 (0.75) | 0.001b |
| TMT A | 177.56 (56.02) | 210.16 (66.58) | 0.01 b | 177.24 (45.88) | 151.80 (39.48) | ≤0.001b |
| TMT B | 297.84 (10.80) | 299.00 (5.00) | 0.32b | 300 (00.00) | 290.60 (24.67) | 0.017b |
BNT: Boston Naming Test; SF: semantic fluency; CDT: clock-drawing test; DSF: digit span forward; DSΒ: digit span backward; TMT A: trail-making test A; TMT B: trail-making test B; apaired sample t-test; bWilcoxon signed-rank test.