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Western blotting for the ratio of phosphorylated insulin receptor on tyrosine 1150/1151 (p-IR) (a), IRS-1Ser307 (p-IRS-1) (b), and Akt (p-Akt) (c) to total protein in whole retinal lysates from Epac1 floxed mice or Epac1 Cdh5 Cre-lox mice. ELISA results for cleaved caspase 3 (d). ∗P < 0.05 versus Epac1 floxed mice. N = 5 for all mice. Data are mean ± SEM.
