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GDF11 Activates the TGF-β-SMAD2/3 Pathway
(A) Representative western blot analysis of SMAD3 signaling. (B) Semiquantitative analysis of relative pSMAD3 and SMAD3 protein levels normalized to GAPDH (n = 2–3). (C) Representative immunofluorescence sections from gastrocnemius stained for pSMAD2/3 (red). Nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue). Scale bars, 50 μm. (D) Percentage of SMAD2/3+ nuclei in relation to total nuclei (n = 3). All error bars represent mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05.
