Table 3.
Review of HAL treatment for spinal disease.
| Author, year | Age (years), sex | Diagnosis | Time when starting HAL | Number of HAL sessions | 10MWT Speed (m/min) |
10MWT Cadence (steps/min) |
BI | WISCI II | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre | Post | Pre | Post | Pre | Post | Pre | Post | |||||
| Our result | 53.6 ± 16.1, M 6; F 3 | Table 1 | POD 14.2 (7–29 days) | 2-3 times/week, 5.0 ± 2.6 | 64.1 ± 16.0 | 74.8 ± 10.8 | 102.7 ± 17.6 | 92.7 ± 10.9 | 83.3 ± 16.0 | 95.6 ± 5.8 | 19.7 ± 0.5 | 20.0 ± 0.0 |
|
| ||||||||||||
| Sakakima et al., 2013 [18] | 60, F | T2–8 OPLL, T9–10 OLF | POD 49 (after bed rest) to 15 weeks | 6 times/week, 48 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0 | 8 |
|
| ||||||||||||
| Kubota et al., 2016 [19] | 43, M | T8–11, L1–3 OPLL | POD 14–44 | 2-3 times/week, 10 | Approximately 20∗ | Approximately 50∗ | Approximately 42∗ | Approximately 85∗ | 60 | 85 | 13 | 16 |
|
| ||||||||||||
| Fujii et al., 2017 [20] | 63, F | T3–7 OPLL | POD 44 (after bed rest) to POD 73 | 2-3 times/week, 10 | 15.9 | 31.8 | 43.8 | 77.9 | N/A | N/A | 8 | 16 |
|
| ||||||||||||
| Kubota et al., 2017 [21] | 66, F | C5-6 OPLL | 14 years after surgery | Once/2 weeks, 10 | 22.5 | 46.7 | 61.9 | 81.6 | N/A | N/A | 16 | 16 |
|
| ||||||||||||
| Shimizu et al., 2017 [41] | 48, M | T12–L1 SDAVF | 6 months after surgery | 2 times/week, 10 | Approximately 13∗ | Approximately 29∗ | Approximately 39∗ | Approximately 62∗ | N/A | N/A | 7 | 12 |
|
| ||||||||||||
| Taketomi et al., 2018 [22] | 70, M | T9–12, L2/3, L5 OLF, C3–7 OPLL | 1 year after his third surgery | 2 times/week, 10 | 49.8 | 58.2 | 109.8 | 120 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
|
| ||||||||||||
| Puentes et al., 2018 [26] | 59.6 ± 13.9, M 2; F 3 (acute group) |
OPLL | POD 24.4 (15–32 days) | 2 times/week, 10 | Approximately 28∗ | Approximately 54∗ | N/A | N/A | Approximately 63∗ | Approximately 83∗ | N/A | N/A |
| 70.1 ± 6.9, M 7 (chronic group) | POD 1151.4 (287–3655 days) | Approximately 48∗ | Approximately 56∗ | N/A | N/A | Approximately 100∗ | Approximately 100∗ | N/A | N/A | |||
|
| ||||||||||||
| Aach et al., 2014 [9] | 48 ± 9.4, M 6; F 2 | T8–L2 SCI | 8.1 (1–19) years posttrauma—90 days | 5 times/week, 51.75 ± 5.6 | 0.28 ± 0.28 (m/sec) | 0.5 ± 0.34 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 10 ± 4.3 | 11.1 ± 3.7 |
|
| ||||||||||||
| Cruciger et al., 2016 [10] | 52, M | L3 SCI | 10 years posttrauma—12 weeks | 5 times/week, mean 54.5 | 85.6 ± 56.9 (sec) | 44.3 ± 34.6 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| 40, F | L1 SCI | 19 years posttrauma—12 weeks | ||||||||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| Sczesny-Kaiser et al, 2015 [11] | 46.9 ± 2.7, M 7; F 4 | T8–L2 SCI | 8.8 (0.7–17) years postinjury—12 weeks | 5 times/week, 60 | 0.25 ± 0.05 (m/sec) | 0.5 ± 0.07 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
|
| ||||||||||||
| Watanabe et al., 2017 [12] | 62, M | T12–L1 SCI | 7 days post onset | 3-4 times/week, 7-8 | 21.6 | 39.6 | 62 | 99.5 | 35 | 60 | 5 | 18 |
| 61, F | T8–10 SCI | 14 days post onset | 3-4 times/week, 7-8 |
21.6 | 60.7 | 52 | 97.3 | 60 | 80 | 4 | 13 | |
|
| ||||||||||||
| Grasmücke et al., 2017 [8] | 44.3 ± 13.9, M 43; F 12 | C2–L4 SCI | 6.9 (1–22) years posttrauma—12 weeks | 5 times/week, 60 | 70.45 ± 61.5 (sec) | 35.22 ± 30.8 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 9.35 ± 5.12 | 11.04 ± 4.52 |
|
| ||||||||||||
| Jansen et al., 2017 [13] | 48 ± 9.4, M 6; F 2 | T8–L2 SCI | 8.1 (1–19) years posttrauma—12 weeks | 5 times/week, 51.75 ± 5.6 | 0.28 ± 0.10 (m/sec) | 0.5 ± 0.12 | 41.85 ± 9.45 | 56.7 ± 9.9 | N/A | N/A | 10 ± 1.5 | 11.13 ± 1.3 |
| Subgroup 1: n = 4 | T8–L2 SCI | Plus 40 weeks (at 52 weeks) | 3–5 times/week, 126.8 ± 7.9 | 28.61 ± 6.9 (sec) | 21.22 ± 6.6 | 49.71 ± 8.8 | 72.16 ± 6.9 | N/A | N/A | No patient improved or worsened | ||
| Subgroup 2: n = 4 | T8–L2 SCI | Plus 40 weeks (at 52 weeks) | Once/week, 32.3 ± 3.3 | 34.28 ± 18.2 (sec) | 34.61 ± 17.3 | 63.65 ± 18.7 | 62 ± 18.8 | N/A | N/A | No patient improved or worsened | ||
|
| ||||||||||||
| Jansen et al., 2018 [14] | 44.8 ± 13.8, M 15; F 6 | C4–L3 SCI | 6.5 (1–19) years posttrauma—12 weeks | 5 times/week, 60 | 61.17 ± 44.27 (sec) | 32.18 ± 25.53 | 30.9 ± 8.71 (number of steps) | 20.7 ± 5.51 | N/A | N/A | 10.7 ± 4.95 | 11.7 ± 4.5 |
M = male; F = female; 10MWT = 10-m walking test; BI = Barthel Index; WISCI II = the walking index for spinal cord injury; POD = postoperative day; Pre = before training; Post = after training; N/A = not available; OPLL = ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament; OLF = ossification of ligamentum flavum; SDAVF = spinal dural arteriovenous fistula; SCI = spinal cord injury. ∗Estimated from the presented figure in the paper.