Table 5.

Parental coping, social support, hardiness, and spiritual wellbeing by diagnostic group.

–	ASD		DS		T1DM		Significant Between-group Differences *
–	Mothers	Fathers	Mothers	Fathers	Mothers	Fathers	–
Brief COPE (mean ± SD)	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Engagement	23.3±4.8	21.7±4.3	22.6±5.1	20.8±4.3	20.8±5.2	19.6±5.3	Mothers: T1DM < ASD (p<0.001) and DS (p<0.01) Fathers: T1DM <ASD (p<0.01)
Disengagement	7.7±2.4	7.8±2.3	7.5±2.0	7.5±2.1	8.1±2.4	8.2±2.4	Fathers: T1DM > DS (p<0.05)
Distraction	17.3±4.0	15.6±3.5	16.4±4.1	15.3±4.2	15.9±4.0	15.0±4.2	Mothers: T1DM < ASD and DS (all p<0.01)
Cognitive Reframing	17.2±3.8	16.0±3.4	17.5±3.7	15.9±3.8	16.1±4.2	15.0±4.1	Mothers: ASD >T1DM (p<0.01) Fathers: ASD >T1DM (p<0.05)
MSPSS (mean ± SD)	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Total score	61.6±14.7	63.4±12.2	67.3±11.9	65.1±11.2	67.4±12.6	68.7±10.3	Mothers: ASD <DS and T1DM (all p<0.001) Fathers: T1DM > ASD (p<0.001) and DS (p<0.05)
Significant Other	17.0±4.1	17.8±3.5	18.2±3.2	18.3±3.0	17.8±3.5	18.2±2.8	Mothers: ASD <DS (p<0.01)
Family	15.9±4.4	16.7±3.6	17.3±3.7	16.9±3.5	17.5±3.7	18.3±2.5	Mothers: ASD < T1DM and DS (all p<0.01) Fathers: T1DM > ASD (p<0.001) and DS (p<0.01)
Friends	13.4±4.8	13.0±4.2	14.9±4.4	13.7±4.3	15.4±3.9	15.0±4.1	Mothers: ASD < T1DM (p<0.001) and DS (p<0.01) Fathers: T1DM > ASD (p<0.001) and DS (p<0.05)
DRS-15 (mean ± SD)	27.7±5.5	27.9±5.2	27.8±5.5	27.8±5.7	27.4±5.0	27.7±5.2	–
WHOQOL-100 SRPB (mean ± SD)	69.2±21.4	70.9±18.8	75.3±18.4	71.1±17.7	71.7±17.7	73.4±18.3	–

ASD = Autism Spectrum Disorder; DS = Down’s syndrome; T1DM = Type 1 diabetes mellitus; FPQ = Family Problems Questionnaire; GHQ = General Health Questionnaire; DRS = Dispositional Resilience Scale; MSPSS = Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support; WHOQOL-100 SRPB = 100-item version of the World Health Organization Quality Of Life questionnaire, Spirituality Religion and Personal Beliefs facet subscale * after adjustment for age and for child’s age and sex