Table 1.
Proportion of seeds either without (i.e., ‘zero’) or with one or two PDA-culturable endophytes per surface-sterilized seed (70 seeds per species for 98 plant species from 39 families).
| Plant Family | # of species tested1 | Zero | One | Two |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Actinidiaceae | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Adoxaceae | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Amaranthaceae | 1 | 0.79 | 0.20 | 0.01 |
| Amaryllidaceae | 1 | 0.63 | 0.36 | 0.01 |
| Apiaceae | 6 | 0.51 | 0.45 | 0.04 |
| Asteraceae | 12 | 0.57 | 0.37 | 0.06 |
| Boraginaceae | 1 | 0.13 | 0.79 | 0.09 |
| Brassicaceae | 6 | 0.82 | 0.18 | 0.01 |
| Caprifoliaceae | 3 | 0.88 | 0.10 | 0.02 |
| Caricaceae | 1 | 0.96 | 0.04 | 0 |
| Chenopodiaceae | 2 | 0.87 | 0.13 | 0 |
| Convolvulaceae | 1 | 0.06 | 0.89 | 0.06 |
| Cucurbitaceae | 3 | 0.30 | 0.67 | 0.03 |
| Cupressaceae | 1 | 0.96 | 0.04 | 0 |
| Cyperaceae | 1 | 0.94 | 0.06 | 0 |
| Elaeagnaceae | 1 | 0.99 | 0.01 | 0 |
| Ephedraceae | 1 | 0.77 | 0.13 | 0.10 |
| Ericaceae | 2 | 0.91 | 0.09 | 0 |
| Fabaceae | 9 | 0.76 | 0.22 | 0.02 |
| Gentianaceae | 1 | 0.99 | 0.01 | 0 |
| Juglandaceae | 1 | 0.85 | 0.13 | 0.02 |
| Lamiaceae | 3 | 0.70 | 0.30 | 0 |
| Liliaceae | 1 | 0.79 | 0.20 | 0.01 |
| Linaceae | 1 | 0.99 | 0.01 | 0 |
| Nyctaginaceae | 1 | 0 | 0.73 | 0.27 |
| Onagraceae | 1 | 0.99 | 0.01 | 0 |
| Orchidaceae | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Papaveraceae | 4 | 0.45 | 0.40 | 0.15 |
| Pedaliaceae | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Pinaceae | 2 | 0.59 | 0.39 | 0.02 |
| Poaceae | 11 | 0.35 | 0.56 | 0.10 |
| Polygonaceae | 1 | 0.40 | 0.59 | 0.01 |
| Rosaceae | 9 | 0.89 | 0.11 | 0.01 |
| Rubiaceae | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Rutaceae | 1 | 0.99 | 0.01 | 0 |
| Salicaceae | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Sapindaceae | 1 | 0.31 | 0.57 | 0.11 |
| Solanaceae | 1 | 0.19 | 0.81 | 0 |
| Tiliaceae | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Totals | 98 | 0.70 | 0.27 | 0.03 |
Approximately 70% were endophyte-free zeros; 27% produced one isolate, the primary symbiont. Seeds with two isolates per seed were only 3% overall.
1The 98 species are listed in the alphabetical order of their respective families: Actinidia deliciosa, Sambucus cerulea, Amaranthus cruentus, Allium cepa, Anethum graveolens, Carum carvi, Coriandrum sativum, Daucus carota, Foeniculum vulgare, Perideridia gairdneri, Balsamorhiza sagittata, Tagetes patula, Centaurea stoebe, Cirsium arvense, Helianthus annuus, Hieracium caespitosum, Lactuca sativa, Lactuca serriola, Silybum marianum, Taraxacum officinale, Tragopogon dubius, Zinnia elegans, Cynoglossum amabile, Boechera stricta, Brassica rapa, Lunaria annua, Raphanus sativus, Sinapis alba, Thlaspi arvense, Symphoricarpos albus, Valerianella locusta, Carica papaya, Lonicera syringantha, Chenopodium quinoa, Spinacia oleracea, Ipomoea quamoclit, Cucumis melo, Cucumis sativus, Cucurbita pepo, Cupressus bakeri, Scirpus tabernaemontani, Elaeagnus multiflora, Ephedra minuta, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Pterospora andromedea, Caragana arborescens, Lens culinaris, Lupinus sericeus, Medicago sativa, Phaseolus vulgaris, Trifolium pretense, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Vigna angularis, Vigna radiata, Frasera speciosa, Juglans nigra, Ocimum basilicum, Origanum vulgare, Salvia hispanica, Calochortus nuttallii, Linum lewisii, Mirabilis jalapa, Epilobium ciliatum, Vanilla planifolia, Eschscholzia californica, Papaver nudicaule, Papaver orientale, Papaver somniferum, Sesamum indicum, Larix occidentalis, Pinus ponderosa, Bromus tectorum, Hordeum vulgare, Oryza sativa, Pennisetum glaucum, Poa secunda, Pseudoroegneria spicata, Secale cereale, Triticum aestivum, Ventenata dubia, Zea mays, Fagopyrum esculentum, Amelanchier alnifolia, Crataegus douglasii, Fragaria x ananassa, Physocarpus malvaceus, Potentilla glandulosa, Purshia tridentata, Rosa gymnocarpa, Rubus macrophyllus, Rubus parviflorus, Coffea arabica, Citrus x limon, Populus trichocarpa, Acer glabrum, Acer platanoides, Capsicum annuum, and Tilia americana.