FIG. 1.

Characterization of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells among NL and HAND individuals at the time of HIV diagnosis and 12 months post-ART initiation. (A) Coexpression activation markers HLA-DR and CD38 on CD8⁺ T cells and (B) on CD4⁺ T cells in NL (light gray symbols) and HAND (dark gray symbols) individual, and in healthy controls (red dotted line), as the time of diagnosis and 12 months post-ART initiation. (C) Correlation of CD8⁺HLA-DR⁺CD38⁺ T cells with plasma viral load and (D) with NPZ_score at the time of HIV diagnosis. (E) Frequency and number of individuals with CD107a/b- and (F) IFNγ-expressing Gag-specific CD8⁺ T cells among NL and HAND individuals at the time of HIV diagnosis and 12 months post-ART initiation. (G) Correlation of the frequency of Gag-specific CD107a/b-expressing CD8⁺ T cells with the NPZ_score at the time of diagnosis. (H) Correlation of the frequency of Gag-specific CD107a/b-expressing CD8⁺ T cells at the time of diagnosis with the NPZ_score 12 months post-ART-initiation. Comparisons between groups (NL vs. HAND) were done using Mann–Whitney test, and comparison between matched samples within groups (baseline vs. 12 months) were done using Wilcoxon test. ART, antiretroviral therapy; HAND, HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder; NL, cognitively normal.