Table 1.
Demographic features of the study population
| n | Total group (N = 151) | Preclinical AD (n = 28) | Subthreshold psychiatry (n = 58) | Undetermined (n = 65) | p | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | Age | 151 | 64 ± 8 | 69 ± 7b | 62 ± 8a | 64 ± 8a | 0.002 | |
| Gender, female | 151 | 67 (44) | 11 (39) | 27 (47) | 29 (45) | NS | ||
| Education (years) | 148 | 12 ± 3 | 13 ± 3 | 12 ± 3 | 12 ± 2 | NS | ||
| Family history dementia | 140 | 76 (54) | 18 (75)b | 20 (36)a | 38 (62)b | 0.002 | ||
| APOE e4 carrier | 144 | 55 (38) | 17 (65)b | 17 (30)a | 21 (34)a | 0.007 | ||
| n above cutoff value | ||||||||
| Subjective cognitive decline | SCF (1-year change) self-report | 150 | −1.65 ± 2.98 | 104 (69) | −2.0 ± 2.3 | −2.4 ± 3.2 | −0.8 ± 2.9b | 0.004 |
| CCI (5-year change) self-reportc | 148 | 21.8 ± 14.3 | 89 (60) | 21.4 ± 13.2b | 27.8 ± 15.2a | 16.7 ± 11.8b | 0.000 | |
| CCI (5-year change) informantc | 127 | 19.4 ± 17.1 | 62 (49) | 19.8 ± 13.9b | 26.4 ± 19.1a | 13.8 ± 14.8b | 0.000 | |
| Mental health questionnaires | Quality of Life | 149 | 76 ± 15 | 79 ± 12 | 71 ± 16 | 80 ± 15b | 0.012 | |
| Depressive symptomsc | 150 | 8.3 ± 6.4 | 17 (11) | 7.0 ± 4.6 | 12.1 ± 7.3 | 5.5 ± 4.1 | 0.000 | |
| Anxietyc | 150 | 4.0 ± 2.9 | 13 (13) | 4.1 ± 2.6 | 5.6 ± 3.1 | 2.4 ± 1.9 | 0.000 | |
| Distressc | 150 | 6.7 ± 5.9 | 34 (22) | 4.6 ± 4.6 | 11.1 ± 6.3 | 3.6 ± 2.9 | 0.000 | |
| Somatizationc | 151 | 6.3 ± 5.3 | 31 (21) | 4.6 ± 3.7 | 10.3 ± 5.7 | 3.5 ± 2.8 | 0.000 | |
| Neuroticismc | 145 | 6.6 ± 5.5 | 5.2 ± 3.8 | 10.1 ± 6.4 | 4.0 ± 2.8 | 0.000 | ||
| Low masteryc | 140 | 10.5 ± 3.9 | 10.0 ± 3.0 | 12.8 ± 4.0 | 8.5 ± 2.7 | 0.000 | ||
| Cognition | MMSE | 151 | 28.6 ± 1.2 | 28.4 ± 1.3 | 28.5 ± 1.2 | 28.9 ± 1.2 | 0.031 | |
| Memory domain | RAVLT immediate recall | 149 | 44.3 ± 9.0 | 43.4 ± 8.7 | 44.0 ± 9.0 | 44.6 ± 9.2 | NS | |
| RAVLT delayed recall | 149 | 9.0 ± 2.9 | 8.5 ± 2.9 | 9.1 ± 3.0 | 9.2 ± 2.9 | NS | ||
| RAVLT cued recall | 149 | 28.7 ± 1.6 | 28.7 ± 1.5 | 28.5 ± 2.3 | 28.8 ± 1.4 | NS | ||
| Attention | TMT Ac | 148 | 34.4 ± 12.8 | 33.4 ± 12.2b | 37.5 ± 14.9a | 32.1 ± 10.5b | 0.014 | |
| Executive functioning | TMT Bc | 147 | 82.1 ± 33.2 | 79.5 ± 28.9 | 89.8 ± 41.0 | 76.2 ± 25.8b | 0.058 | |
| Language | Animal fluency | 147 | 23.2 ± 5.2 | 22.8 ± 4.9 | 23.1 ± 5.1 | 23.5 ± 5.6 | NS | |
| MRI | Normalized brain volume (ml) | 116 | 1399 ± 79 | 1366 ± 75 | 1407 ± 81 | 1406 ± 79 | NS | |
| Bilateral hippocampal volume (ml) | 116 | 9.9 ± 1.3 | 10.0 ± 1.4 | 9.9 ± 1.3 | 9.8 ± 1.1 | NS | ||
| White-matter hyperintensities (present) | 116 | 10 (9) | 2 (9) | 2 (4) | 6 (13) | NS | ||
| Lacunes (> 0) | 115 | 3 (3) | 1 (4) | 2 (5) | 0 (0) | NS | ||
| Microbleeds present (> 0) | 112 | 19 (17) | 7 (30) | 4 (10) | 8 (17) | NS |
Unadjusted results presented as mean ± standard deviation or n (%). Differences between groups assessed using age, gender, and education-adjusted analysis of variance or chi-squared tests
AD Alzheimer’s disease, APOE apolipoprotein E genotype, CCI cognitive change index, MMSE Mini-Mental State Examination, MRI magnetic resonance imaging, NS not significant, RAVLT Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, SCF subjective cognitive functioning, TMT Trail Making Test
ap < 0.05 difference with preclinical AD
bp < 0.05 difference with subthreshold psychiatry
cHigher scores reflect worse performance or more symptoms