Table 1.
Characteristics and limitations of each vector utilized for chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) transgene transduction.
| Vector | Special properties | Limitations |
|---|---|---|
| Gammaretroviral | Integration into the cell genome (15) | Insertional oncogenesis (15) |
| High expense and cost (16) | ||
| Permanent expression of the gene (16) | Affecting active dividing cells (15) | |
| Availability of multiple packaging systems (15) | Decrease in expression of CAR after a while (16) | |
| Restricted cargo capability (15) | ||
| Lentiviral | Affecting non-dividing cells | Missing extensive accessible vector packing systems (18) |
| Improved cargo capability (17) | Diverse lot-to-lot features (17) | |
| Decreased chance of insertional oncogenesis (18) | ||
| Transposon | Stable integration to cell genome (19) | Low efficacy (19) |
| DNA plasmid | Lower cost (20) | Reduced efficacy (22) |
| Low immunogenicity (21) | Decreased genome integration (22) | |
| Decreased risk of insertional oncogenesis (21) | Early exhaustion of T cells (21) | |
| Limited persistence and expansion of engineered cells (20) | ||
| Messenger RNA | Transient expression of the transgene (1 week) (23) | No integration of the transgene into the cell genome (23) |