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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Sep 22.
Published in final edited form as: J Health Econ. 2018 Feb 7;61:244–258. doi: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2018.01.005

Table 10.

Heterogeneous effects among HHAs.

Vertical integration
Total payment Hospital payment PAC payment Total length of stay Hospital length of stay PAC length of stay 30-day readmission
Primary specification Vertical integration −303.2**
(−2.35)		 −261.5**
(−2.03)		 −41.7
(−0.94)		 −1.07*
(−1.95)		 −0.10
(−1.28)		 −0.96*
(−1.78)		 −0.004
(−0.49)
N of discharges 1,318,577 1,318,577 1,318,577 1,318,577 1,318,577 1,318,577 1,318,577
N of provider pairs 56,093 56,093 56,093 56,093 56,093 56,093 56,093
Stratified by profit status
For-profit hospitals Vertically integrated −411.3**
(−2.46)		 −358.1**
(−2.09)		 −53.3
(−0.91)		 −1.17*
(−1.66)		 −0.09
(−0.90)		 −1.08
(−1.55)		 0.000
(−0.05)
N of discharges 1,003,259 1,003,259 1,003,259 1,003,259 1,003,259 1,003,259 1,003,259
N of provider pairs 36,296 36,296 36,296 36,296 36,296 36,296 36,296
Not-for-profit hospitals Vertically integrated −468.7**
(−2.07)		 −357.8*
(−1.75)		 −110.9
(−1.30)		 0.55
(0.47)		 −0.26
(−1.49)		 0.81
(0.69)		 −0.013
(−0.67)
N of discharges 159,922 159,922 159,922 159,922 159,922 159,922 159,922
N of provider pairs 14,903 14,903 14,903 14,903 14,903 14,903 14,903
High cost and high variance conditions
Major joint replacement (DRG 544) Vertically integrated −565.2*
(−2.76)		 −371.8**
(−1.97)		 −193.4***
(−3.20)		 −1.56**
(−2.42)		 −0.18***
(−2.76)		 −1.38**
(−2.18)		 0.011
(1.57)
N of discharges 288,402 288,402 288,402 288,402 288,402 288,402 288,402
N of provider pairs 22,466 22,466 22,466 22,466 22,466 22,466 22,466
Cardiac valve and other major cardiothoracic surgery (DRG 105) Vertically integrated −1016.3
(−0.57)		 −1188.7
(−0.68)		 172.5
(0.94)		 −0.52
(−0.23)		 −1.13
(−1.57)		 0.60
(0.28)		 0.086
(1.34)
N of discharges 27,100 27,100 27,100 27,100 27,100 27,100 27,100
N of provider pairs 5780 5780 5780 5780 5780 5780 5780
Low cost and low variance conditions
Kidney & urinary tract infections (DRG 321) Vertically integrated −30.8
(−0.08)		 14.5
(0.07)		 −45.4
(−0.15)		 −2.00
(−0.67)		 −0.21
(−0.48)		 −1.79
(−0.60)		 0.103
(1.39)
N of discharges 32,758 32,758 32,758 32,758 32,758 32,758 32,758
N of provider pairs 10,384 10,384 10,384 10,384 10,384 10,384 10,384
Cardiac arrhythmia (DRG 139) Vertically integrated −42.4
(−0.12)		 −140.2
(−0.59)		 97.8
(0.41)		 3.06
(0.93)		 0.05
(0.11)		 3.01
(0.91)		 0.057
(0.69)
N of discharges 31,004 31,004 31,004 31,004 31,004 31,004 31,004
N of provider pairs 9353 9353 9353 9353 9353 9353 9353
Transient ischemia (DRG 524) Vertically integrated 14.8
(0.03)		 136.2
(0.38)		 −121.4
(−0.36)		 −1.78
(−0.44)		 0.96*
(1.75)		 −2.74
(−0.68)		 −0.062
(−0.64)
N of discharges 23,214 23,214 23,214 23,214 23,214 23,214 23,214
N of provider pairs 8022 8022 8022 8022 8022 8022 8022
Informal integration
Total payment Hospital payment PAC payment Total length of stay Hospital length of stay PAC length of stay 30-day readmission
Primary specification Informally integrated 32.4
(0.54)		 47.1
(0.92)		 −14.7
(−0.63)		 −0.41
(−1.43)		 −0.02
(−0.48)		 −0.39
(−1.35)		 −0.002
(−0.47)
N of discharges 1,318,577 1,318,577 1,318,577 1,318,577 1,318,577 1,318,577 1,318,577
N of provider pairs 56,093 56,093 56,093 56,093 56,093 56,093 56,093
Stratified by profit status
For-profit hospitals Informally integrated −21.1
(0.29)		 17.2
(0.26)		 −38.3
(−1.31)		 −0.39
(−1.01)		 −0.04
(−0.66)		 −0.35
(−0.90)		 −0.01
(−1.24)
N of discharges 1,003,259 1,003,259 1,003,259 1,003,259 1,003,259 1,003,259 1,003,259
N of provider pairs 36,296 36,296 36,296 36,296 36,296 36,296 36,296
Not-for-profit hospitals Informally integrated 108.2
(1.02)		 101.5
(1.12)		 6.7
(0.15)		 −1.49***
(−2.67)		 0.04
(0.43)		 −1.53***
(−2.75)		 −0.005
(−0.40)
N of discharges 159,992 159,992 159,992 159,992 159,992 159,992 159,992
N of provider pairs 14,903 14,903 14,903 14,903 14,903 14,903 14,903
High cost and high variance conditions
Major joint replacement (DRG 544) Informally integrated 75.3
(0.75)		 106.0
(1.24)		 −30.6
(−0.80)		 0.02
(0.06)		 −0.03
(−0.74)		 0.05
(0.14)		 0.003
(0.66)
N of discharges 288,402 288,402 288,402 288,402 288,402 288,402 288,402
N of provider pairs 22,466 22,466 22,466 22,466 22,466 22,466 22,466
Cardiac valve and other major cardiothoracic surgery (DRG 105) Informally integrated −459.9
(−0.39)		 −282.3
(−0.24)		 −177.6
(−1.64)		 −3.01*
(−1.73)		 −0.36
(−0.71)		 −2.65
(−1.60)		 −0.069
(−1.60)
N of discharges 27,100 27,100 27,100 27,100 27,100 27,100 27,100
N of provider pairs 5780 5780 5780 5780 5780 5780 5780
Low cost and low variance conditions
Kidney & urinary tract infections (DRG 321) Informally integrated 327.1
(1.45)		 107.4
(1.08)		 219.7
(1.19)		 0.87
(0.51)		 0.34
(1.38)		 0.53
(0.32)		 −0.603
(−1.42)
N of discharges 32,758 32,758 32,758 32,758 32,758 32,758 32,758
N of provider pairs 10,384 10,384 10,384 10,384 10,384 10,384 10,384
Cardiac arrhythmia (DRG 139) Informally integrated 398.4**
(2.02)		 214.1*
(1.69)		 184.3
(1.26)		 −1.49
(0.75)		 0.13
(0.45)		 −1.62
(−0.82)		 −0.055
(−1.09)
N of discharges 31,004 31,004 31,004 31,004 31,004 31,004 31,004
N of provider pairs 9353 9353 9353 9353 9353 9353 9353
Transient ischemia (DRG 524) Informally integrated −168.1
(−0.71)		 −52.0
(0.37)		 −116.1
(−0.59)		 −2.32
(−0.97)		 −0.04
(−0.12)		 −2.28
(−0.95)		 0.015
(0.30)
N of discharges 23,214 23,214 23,214 23,214 23,214 23,214 23,214
N of provider pairs 8022 8022 8022 8022 8022 8022 8022

Note: Regressions include all the covariates reported in Table 3, a full set of DRG controls, hospital-PAC-pair fixed effects, and year fixed effects.

Robust t-statistics in parentheses.

*

p < .10,

**

p < .05,

***

p < .01.