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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Sep 22.
Published in final edited form as: J Health Econ. 2018 Feb 7;61:244–258. doi: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2018.01.005

Table 9.

Heterogeneous effects among SNFs.

Vertical integration
Total payment Hospital payment PAC payment Total length of stay Hospital length of stay PAC length of stay 30-day readmission
Primary specification Vertical integration 2423.5***
(4.52)		 149.6
(0.57)		 2273.9***
(5.16)		 3.90***
(3.42)		 −0.74***
(−2.70)		 4.64***
(4.13)		 −0.054**
(−1.96)
N of discharges 2,651,748 2,651,748 2,651,748 2,651,748 2,651,748 2,651,748 2,651,748
N of provider pairs 87,440 87,440 87,440 87,440 87,440 87,440 87,440
Stratified by profit status
For-profit hospitals Vertically integrated 2518.2***
(3.57)		 −223.7
(−0.64)		 2741.9***
(4.76)		 5.52***
(3.92)		 −0.817**
(−2.40)		 6.34***
(4.64)		 −0.070**
(−1.99)
N of discharges 1,964,483 1,964,483 1,964,483 1,964,483 1,964,483 1,964,483 1,964,483
N of provider pairs 62,328 62,328 62,328 62,328 62,328 62,328 62,328
Not-for-profit hospitals Vertically integrated 1142.6
(1.08)		 631.29
(1.57)		 511.32
(0.54)		 −0.542
(−0.20)		 0.204
(0.32)		 −0.75
(−0.28)		 0.045
(0.67)
N of discharges 340,042 340,042 340,042 340,042 340,042 340,042 340,042
N of provider pairs 17,362 17.362 17,362 17,362 17,362 17,362 17,362
High cost and high variance conditions
Major joint replacement (DRG 544) Vertically integrated 985.9
(0.96)		 −875.0
(−1.63)		 1861.0**
(2.27)		 7.10***
(3.27)		 −0.18
(−0.50)		 7.27***
(3.47)		 0.058
(1.21)
N of discharges 352,519 352,519 352,519 352,519 352,519 352,519 352,519
N of provider pairs 38,891 38,891 38,891 38,891 38,891 38,891 38,891
Hip & femur procedures with MCC (DRG 210) Vertically integrated 4031.7
(1.39)		 −594.26
(−0.28)		 4,626.0**
(2.28)		 10.34*
(1.87)		 2.82**
(2.06)		 7.52
(1.38)		 −0.107
(−0.79)
N of discharges 96,435 96,435 96,435 96,435 96,435 96,435 96,435
N of provider pairs 24,825 24,825 24.825 24,825 24,825 24,825 24,825
Low cost and low variance conditions
Kidney & urinary tract infections (DRG 321) Vertically integrated 3285.0
(1.53)		 463.8
(1.52)		 2821.3
(1.33)		 2.42
(0.41)		 1.08
(1.22)		 1.34
(0.22)		 −0.043
(−0.28)
N of discharges 96,365 96,365 96,365 96,365 96,365 96,365 96,365
N of provider pairs 23,135 23,135 23,135 12,135 23,135 23,135 23,135
Nutritional & misc metabolic disorders (DRG 297) Vertically integrated 2246.0
(0.82)		 −168.9
(−0.41)		 2414.9
(0.90)		 −0.50
(−0.06)		 0.95
(0.74)		 −1.46
(−0.19)		 0.227
(1.04)
N of discharges 59,289 59,289 59,289 59,289 59,289 59,289 59,289
N of provider pairs 19.208 19.208 19.208 19,208 19,208 19,208 19,208
Syncope & collapse (DRG 141) Vertically integrated 2206.6
(0.60)		 −544.8
(−0.75)		 2751.3
(0.76)		 2.39
(0.24)		 −1.95
(−1.23)		 4.34
(0.43)		 −0.041
(−0.16)
N of discharges 48,841 48,841 48,841 48,841 48,841 48,841 48,841
N of provider pairs 17,389 17,389 17,389 17,389 17,389 17,389 17,389
Informal integration
Total payment Hospital payment PAC payment Total length of stay Hospital length of stay PAC length of stay 30-day readmission
Primary specification Informally integrated −204.4
(−1.23)		 −326.3***
(−3.53)		 121.8
(0.86)		 −0.76**
(−2.09)		 −0.14
(−1.48)		 −0.62*
(−1.78)		 0.005
(0.54)
N of discharges 2,651,748 2,651,748 2,651,748 2,651,748 2,651,748 2,651,748 2,651,748
N of provider pairs 87,440 87,440 87,440 87,440 87,440 87,440 87,440
Stratified by profit status
For-profit hospitals Informally integrated −91.9
(−0.48)		 −210.1***
(−2.64)		 118.2
(0.70)		 −0.58
(−1.36)		 −0.18*
(−1.75)		 −0.40
(−0.96)		 −0.000
(−0.00)
N of discharges 1,964,483 1,964,483 1,964,483 1,964,483 1,964,483 1,964,483 1,964,483
N of provider pairs 62,328 62,238 62,238 62,328 62,238 62,328 62,328
Not-for-profit hospitals Informally integrated −145.8
(−0.37)		 −280.2*
(−1.78)		 134.4
(0.37)		 −2.18**
(−2.20)		 −0.44*
(−1.67)		 −1.74*
(−1.77)		 0.022
(0.79)
N of discharges 340,042 340,042 340,042 340,042 340,042 340,042 340,042
N of provider pairs 17,362 17,362 17,362 17,362 17,362 17,362 17,362
High cost and high variance conditions
Major joint replacement (DRG 544) Informally integrated −475.5
(−1.35)		 −232.6
(−1.34)		 −242.9
(−0.88)		 −1.54**
(−2.15)		 −0.06
(−0.46)		 −1.48**
(−2.16)		 0.014
(0.85)
N of discharges 352,519 352,519 352,519 352,519 352,519 352,519 352,519
N of provider pairs 38,891 38,891 38,891 38,891 38,891 38,891 38,891
Hip & femur procedures with MCC (DRG 210) Informally integrated −708.5
(−0.88)		 −801.8**
(−1.98)		 93.3
(0.14)		 1.03
(0.58)		 0.14
(0.31)		 0.89
(0.50)		 0.020
(0.41)
N of discharges 96,435 96,435 96,435 96,435 96,435 96,435 96,435
N of provider pairs 24,825 24,825 24,825 24,825 24,825 24,825 24,825
Low cost and low variance conditions
Kidney & urinary tract infections (DRG 321) Informally integrated 413.8
(0.56)		 −126.6
(−1.12)		 540.4
(0.74)		 −2.72
(−1.40)		 −0.64**
(−2.07)		 −2.08
(−1.08)		 0.046
(0.80)
N of discharges 96,365 96,365 96,365 96,365 96,365 96,365 96,365
N of provider pairs 23,135 23,135 23,135 23,135 23,135 23,135 23,135
Nutritional & misc metabolic disorders (DRG 297) Informally integrated 236.2
(0.27)		 −276.7*
(−1.80)		 512.9
(0.60)		 −0.38
(−0.15)		 −0.62
(−1.50)		 0.23
(0.09)		 0.026
(0.36)
N of discharges 59,289 59,289 59,289 59,289 59,289 59,289 59,289
N of provider pairs 19,208 19,208 19,208 19,208 19.208 19,208 19,208
Syncope & collapse (DRG 141) Informally integrated 640.5
(0.57)		 −85.2
(−0.46)		 725.7
(0.65)		 1.32
(0.42)		 −0.15
(−0.29)		 4.34
(0.43)		 −0.134
(−1.55)
N of discharges 48,841 48,841 48,841 48,841 48,841 48,841 48,841
N of provider pairs 17,389 17,389 17,389 17,389 17,389 17,389 17,389

Note: Regressions include all the covariates reported in Table 3, a full set of DRG controls, hospital-PAC-pair fixed effects, and year fixed effects.

Robust t-statistics in parentheses.

*

p < .10,

**

p < .05,

***

p < .01.