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. 2018 Aug 7;9:2938. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-05340-z

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Scenarios for land-use and climate change. a, b Land used for food production (crops and pasture) and bioenergy crops from the IMAGE SSP2 scenarios IM1.9 and IM2.6 (available from https://data.knmi.nl/datasets?q=PBL). c Temperature profiles for the idealized scenarios reaching nearly 1.5 °C and 2 °C by 2100. d CO₂ concentrations for each of the 34 ESMs emulated with IMOGEN. The CO₂ concentrations relate to the temperatures in c depending on each model’s climate sensitivity (Methods). e, f Spatial maps of change in land for bioenergy crops in IM1.9 and IM2.6. For each scenario, the change is shown as the difference between 2000 and the year of maximum extent of bioenergy crops (2060 for IM1.9 and 2085 for IM2.6)